East Asian Language and Civilizations Department Chair: Judith Zeitlin, Wb 301H, 702-5813, j-zeitlin@uchicago.edu Acting Director of Undergraduate Studies: Michael Raine, Wb 301C, 834-5297, mjraine@uchicago.edu Director of Graduate Studies: Gregory Golley, Wb 301J, 702-5802, ggolley@uchicago.edu Department Secretary: Carol Hennessy, Wb 301K, 702-1255, cm-hennessy@uchicago.edu Program of Study The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations offers a B.A. program in East Asian studies that introduces students to the traditional and modern civilizations of China and Japan and provides them with the opportunity to achieve a basic reading and speaking knowledge of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. This program is interdisciplinary and students may take relevant courses in both the humanities and the social sciences. Program RequirementsThe major requires a three-quarter second-year sequence in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean. In addition, students are directed to take Introduction to the Civilizations of East Asia I, II, III (EALC 10800-10900-11000) to meet the civilization studies requirement in general education. This sequence is cross listed with HIST 15100-15200-15300. Beyond the second-year language requirement, students are required to take Issues in East Asian Civilizations (EALC 27105). A further nine courses related to East Asia are required, three of which may be either an additional year of the East Asian language to meet the language requirement for the major or a year of a second East Asian language (neither of these two language options may be met by examination credit). A maximum of six quarters of language counts toward the major. A minimum of three of the nine courses should be in the same discipline (e.g., history, literature, art history). A maximum of six approved courses taken while studying abroad may count toward program requirements. Before declaring their major in EALC, students must meet with the director of undergraduate studies (ideally before the end of their second year) to discuss their areas of interest. Summary of RequirementsGeneral EALC 10800-10900-11000 Education Major 3 courses in a second-year East Asian language* 1 Issues in East Asian Civilizations (EALC 27105) 9 courses related to East Asia (three of which may be a further year of an East Asian language,** or a year of a second East Asian language;** and __ three of which should be in one discipline) 13 * Credit may be granted by examination. ** Credit may not be granted by examination Bachelor's Thesis. The department does not require a bachelor's thesis for graduation except from students who wish to receive honors. However, all students are eligible to write a bachelor's thesis upon submitting an acceptable proposal to the department early in their fourth year, typically by fifth week of Autumn Quarter. Interested students should consult the director of undergraduate studies for details concerning the proposal. Students typically may not use the optional B.A. paper in this major to meet the B.A. paper or project requirement in another major. Students who wish to discuss an exception to this policy should consult the director of undergraduate studies before the end of their third year. Consent to use a single paper or project requires the approval of both program chairs on a form available from the College adviser. Grading. Students must receive quality grades in all courses taken to meet requirements in the major. No P/N or R grades are offered in language courses. Honors. Any student who has maintained an overall GPA of 3.0 or higher is eligible to be considered for honors. Students who wish to receive honors must submit a bachelor's thesis. This paper is read by two members of the department and, if judged to be of superior quality, the student is recommended for graduation with honors. With the consent of the departmental adviser, honors students are required to enroll in at least two quarters of the Senior Thesis Tutorial (EALC 29500, 29600, 29700). Faculty G. Alitto, F. Cai, K.-H. Choi, P. Duara, N.
Field, G. Golley, D. Harper, M. Kawai, J. Ketelaar, CoursesThe courses listed below are open to students in the College, regardless of level, subject to the consent of the instructor where indicated. East Asian linguistic knowledge is not required for nonlanguage courses unless indicated. Transfer students who wish to enroll in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean language courses, or who wish to validate credit for language courses taken elsewhere, must take the placement examination offered during Orientation in late September. Over the summer, information that describes these tests is sent to all incoming students, and students may also consult Lewis Fortner (HM 286, 702-8613). Chinese (chin)10100-10200-10300. Elementary Modern Chinese I, II, III. Must be taken for a quality grade. No auditors permitted. Each section limited to twenty students. This three-quarter sequence introduces the fundamentals of modern Chinese. Sections I and II are for "true beginners," and Section III is for "partial beginners." ("Partial beginners" are those who can speak Chinese but do not know how to read or write.) By the end of Spring Quarter, students should have a basic knowledge of Chinese grammar and vocabulary. Listening, speaking, reading, and writing are equally emphasized. Accurate pronunciation is also stressed. A video project is required in Spring Quarter, which will be entered in the competition for the Chinese Video Project Award. Sections I and II meet for five one-hour periods, plus an additional one-hour drill session with the T.A. each week. Section III meets for three one-hour sessions each week. F.-P. Cai, J. Yang. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 16100. Art of Asia: China. (=ARTH 16100, EALC 16100) For students not majoring in art history, this course meets the general education requirement in the dramatic, musical, and visual arts. For course description, see Art History. H. Wu. Winter. 18500. Art of Asia: Monuments. (=ARTH 16500, EALC 18500) For students not majoring in art history, this course meets the general education requirement in the dramatic, musical, and visual arts. For course description, see Art History. J. Purtle. Spring. 20100-20200-20300. Intermediate Modern Chinese I, II, III. PQ: CHIN 10300 or placement. Must be taken for a quality grade. No auditors permitted. This sequence aims to enhance students' reading, listening, speaking, and writing skills by dealing with topics at an intermediate linguistic level. In addition to mastering the content of the textbook, students are required to complete two language projects each quarter. Chinese computing skills are also taught. Class meets for five one-hour sessions each week. Y. Wang. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 20800-20900-21000. Elementary Literary Chinese I, II, III. PQ: CHIN 20300 or consent of instructor. Must be taken for a quality grade. This course introduces students to the basic grammar of the written Chinese language from the time of the Confucian Analects to the literary movements at the beginning of the twentieth century. Students read original texts of various genres including philosophy, memorials, poetry, and historical narratives; the third quarter is devoted solely to reading poetry. D. Sena, Autumn; L. Skosey, Winter, Spring. 21206-21306/31206-31306. The Journey to the West I, II. (=CMLT 28400-28500/38400-38500, EALC 21206-21306, RLIT 49100/49200) PQ: Consent of instructor. Must be taken in sequence. This two-quarter sequence is an intensive study of this classic Chinese epic narrative on the quest for Buddhist scriptures. All one hundred chapters are covered through class presentations and discussions. Supplemental readings are drawn from a selected body of criticism treating Chinese religions, literary and social history, and comparative studies. A. Yu. Autumn, Winter. 22306. Rural Films in New China Cinema. (=CMST 24602, EALC 22306) Primarily undergraduate students. In this course we study a series of "rural films" within the tradition of New China Cinema. We have the opportunity to examine the transformation of this genre through different stages (the Socialist period, the Fifth generation, and contemporary cinema). While we examine the changing aesthetics and narratives of this genre, we pay particular attention to the representation of rural women. This course may serve as an introduction to the history of Chinese cinema in the second half of the twentieth century. All readings in English. X. Tang. Winter. 23206/33206. Medieval Chinese Visual Culture. (=ARTH 22004/32004, EALC 23206) For course description, see Art History. J. Purtle. Spring. 23700/33700. Women Writers in Late Imperial China. (=EALC 23701, GNDR 23600/33700) PQ: Advanced standing. Some background in Chinese literature, history, or language helpful but not required. Contrary to our stereotypes about the silent, invisible woman of pre-modern China, women actually wrote and published their work in unprecedented numbers from the late sixteenth to the early twentieth century. This course explores the literary and historical significance of this output. It took various forms (mainly poetry and prefaces to poetry collections, letters, some drama, and novels in verse) and was produced primarily by gentry women (e.g., women from elite families), courtesans, and nuns. Weekly "language learning across the curriculum" sessions will be offered for those with some knowledge of Chinese characters or Kanji. J. Zeitlin. Autumn. 24206/34206. Cities: Late Imperial and Modern China. (=EALC 24206, HIST 24203/34203) H. Minghui. Spring, 2005. 24500. Reading Qing Documents. (=HIST 24500/34500) For course description, see History. G. Alitto. Spring. 26106. Early China Studies in the West. (=EALC 26106) In this course we survey twentieth-century Western-language studies of early Chinese civilization, beginning with Chavannes and extending to just before the present day. The purpose of the course is two-fold: (1) to delineate the major trends in early China studies in the West during this period and (2) to provide a general survey of early Chinese civilization. Texts in English with some in French or German suggested. E. Shaughnessy. Autumn. 28306/38306. Chinese Scroll Painting. (=ARTH 28300/38300, EALC 28306) For course description, see Art History. H. Wu. Winter. 28500. Civilization and Popular Culture in China. (=EALC 28500, HIST 24202/34202) For course description, see History. P. Duara. Winter. 291001/39101. History of Modern China I, II. (=EALC 291001/39101, HIST 24300-24400) HIST 15200 recommended. For course description, see History. G. Alitto. Autumn, Winter. 30100-30200-30300. Advanced Modern Chinese I, II, III. PQ: CHIN 20300 or placement. For both graduates and undergraduates. The goal of this sequence is to help students develop advanced proficiency in reading, listening, speaking, and writing. This sequence emphasizes more advanced grammatical structures. We begin with discussion in Chinese on topics relevant to modern China and then shift to authentic Chinese texts in an effort to better prepare students to deal with original Chinese source materials. Class meets for five one-hour sessions each week. Discussion in Chinese required. J. Yang. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 34406. Historiography of Traditional Chinese Literature: A Study of Drama. PQ: One year of classical or modern Chinese or knowledge of Kanji. Offered in alternate years with CHIN 34407. This colloquium is an introduction to the basic historiography, sources, and research methods for the study of traditional Chinese drama from its beginnings up to the present. J. Zeitlin. Autumn, 2004. 34407. Historiography of Traditional Chinese Literature: The Study of Fiction. PQ: One year of classical or modern Chinese or knowledge of Kanji. Offered in alternate years with CHIN 34406. This colloquium introduces the basic historiography, sources, and research methods for the study of traditional Chinese drama from its beginnings up to the present. J. Zeitlin. Offered 2005-06; not offered 2004-05. 36406. Early China Studies in China. This course focuses on twentieth-century studies of early Chinese civilization in China. We start with a brief survey of Qing-dynasty historiography, and then move through the twentieth century decade by decade, coming to the present day. Most texts in Chinese. E. Shaughnessy. Winter. 36506. Courtesan Culture and the Arts in China. PQ: Knowledge of literary Chinese. Skill in the arts (e.g., song, poetry, painting, games) was a prerequisite for successful courtesans in China and interactions between courtesans and their clients played an important role in generating the literary and musical forms that lay at the heart of the entertainment culture. This course concentrate son the history of the very rich late Ming and early Qing period, studying a wide range of primary sources, including fiction, poetry, plays, popular song, encyclopedias of daily life, and memoirs. Students may work on any period or any of the arts for their final papers. J. Zeitlin. Spring. 36900. The Yijing. PQ: CHIN 20300 or equivalent. This course introduces students to the Yijing or Book of Changes, the first of China's classics. The first half of the course focuses on how the text first came to be composed towards the end of the Western Zhou dynasty, while the second half of the course surveys the later commentarial tradition. E. Shaughnessy. Spring. 40800-40900-41000. Readings in Literary Chinese I, II, III. (=CHIN 40800) PQ: CHIN 21000 or equivalent, or consent of instructor. This class focuses on advanced readings in classical Chinese with selections from philosophical and historical writings. D. Harper, Autumn; Staff, Winter; Staff, Spring. 41100-41200-41300. Fourth-Year Modern Chinese I, II, III. PQ: CHIN 30300 or placement. For both graduates and undergraduates. This sequence introduces a range of influential literary works and scholarly essays on Chinese cultural and social issues from the 1920s to the 1990s. Students not only expand their vocabulary and knowledge of grammatical structures but also learn sophisticated speaking and writing skills through intensive readings and discussions. Class meets for three one-hour sessions each week. Y. Wang. Autumn, Winter, Spring. East Asian Languages and Civilizations (ealc)10800-10900-11000. Introduction to the Civilizations of East Asia I, II, III. (=HIST 15100-15200-15300, SOSC 23500-23600-23700) May be taken in sequence or individually. This sequence meets the civilization studies requirement in general education. This is a three-quarter sequence on the civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea, with emphasis on major transformation in these cultures and societies from the Middle Ages to the present. This year's sequence focuses on Japan from 1600 to the present, China from the eighteenth to the twentieth century, and Korea from the eighteenth to the twentieth century. P. Duara, Autumn; S. Burns, Winter; Staff, Spring. 16100. Art of Asia: China. (=ARTH 16100, CHIN 16100) For students not majoring in art history, this course meets the general education requirement in the dramatic, musical, and visual arts. For course description, see Art History. H. Wu. Winter. 16806. Arts of Japan. (=ARTH 16800, JAPN 16806) For students not majoring in art history, this course meets the general education requirement in the dramatic, musical, and visual arts. For course description, see Art History. H. Thomsen. Spring. 18500. Art of Asia: Monuments. (=ARTH 16500, CHIN 18500) For students not majoring in art history, this course meets the general education requirement in the dramatic, musical, and visual arts. For course description, see Art History. J. Purtle. Spring. 21906. The Politics of Japanese Literary Modernism. (=JAPN 21906) For course description, see Japanese. G. Golley. Winter. 22306. Rural Films in New China Cinema. (=CHIN 22306) For course description, see Chinese. X. Tang. Winter. 23206. Medieval Chinese Visual Culture. (=ARTH 22004/32004, CHIN 23206/33206) For course description, see Art History. J. Purtle. Spring. 23701. Women Writers in Late Imperial China. (=CHIN 23700/33700, GNDR 23700) For course description, see Chinese. J. Zeitlin. Autumn, 2004. 24206. Cities: Late Imperial and Modern China. (=CHIN 24206/34206, HIST 24203/34203) H. Minghui. Spring, 2005. 24306. Autobiographical Writings, Gender, and Modern Korea. (=GNDR 25300, KORE 24306) For course description, see Korean. K.-H. Choi. Winter. 24601. Japanese History Through Film and Other Texts. (=HIST 24601, JAPN 24606) This course is taught in Japan. J. Ketelaar. Autumn. 24706. History of Japanese Religion. (=HIST 24700/34700, JAPN 24706) For course description, see History. J. Ketelaar. Winter. 24806. Objects of Japanese History. (=ARTH 29704/39704, HIST 24602/34602, JAPN 24806/34806) For course description, see Art History. J. Ketelaar, H. Thomsen. Spring. 25107. Beyond Geisha and Samurai: Canonical Texts of Pre-Modern Japanese Literature. (=JAPN 25106) For course description, see Japanese. N. Field. Spring, 2006. 25506. Gender and Japanese History. (=GNDR 24701/34700, HIST 24802/34802, JAPN 25506/35506) For course description, see History. S. Burns. Autumn, 2004. 26106. Early China Studies in the West. (=CHIN 26106) For course description, see Chinese. E. Shaughnessy. Autumn. 26607. Was Every Girl a Modern Girl? Topics in Modern Japanese Women's History. (=JAPN 26607) For course description, see Japanese. N. Field. Spring, 2006. 27105. Issues in the Study of East Asian Civilizations. Required of EALC majors. The goal of this interdisciplinary seminar is to expose students to a range of important problems and methods across time and space in the study of China, Japan, and Korea. Guest lecturers and readings assigned by different University of Chicago faculty members are an integral part of the course. Students work on an individual research project tailored to their own interests, which they may subsequently develop into a B.A. paper. This course will be offered every year; please consult department office for update on quarter. 28306. Chinese Scroll Painting. (=ARTH 28300/38300, CHIN 28306/38306) For course description, see Art History. H. Wu. Winter. 28500. Civilization and Popular Culture in China. (=CHIN 28500, HIST 24202/34202) For course description, see History. P. Duara. Winter. 29101/39101. History of Modern China I, II. (=CHIN 29101/39101, HIST 24300-24400) HIST 15200 recommended. For course description, see History. G. Alitto. Autumn, Winter. 29500-29600-29700. Senior Thesis Tutorial I, II, III. PQ: Consent of EALC Director of Undergraduate Studies. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. One quarter of this sequence may be counted for credit in the major. Autumn, Winter, Spring. Japanese (japn)10100-10200-10300. Elementary Modern Japanese I, II, III. Must be taken for a quality grade. No auditors permitted. This is the first year of a three-year program designed to provide students with a thorough grounding in modern Japanese. Grammar, idiomatic expressions, and vocabulary are learned through oral work, reading, and writing in and out of class. Daily practice in speaking, listening, reading, and writing is crucial. Students should plan to continue their language study through at least the second-year level to make their skills practical. The class meets for five fifty-minute periods a week. M. Miyachi, H. Lory, Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 16806. Arts of Japan. (=ARTH 16800, EALC 16806) For students not majoring in art history, this course meets the general education requirement in the dramatic, musical, and visual arts. For course description, see Art History. H. Thomsen. Spring. 20100-20200-20300. Intermediate Modern Japanese I, II, III. PQ: JAPN 10300 or equivalent, and consent of instructor. Must be taken for a quality grade. No auditors permitted. The emphasis on spoken language in the first half of the course gradually shifts toward reading and writing in the latter half. Classes conducted mostly in Japanese. The class meets for five fifty-minute periods a week. M. Miyachi. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 21200-21300. Intermediate Modern Japanese through "Japanimation" II, III. PQ: JAPN 20100 or consent of instructor. This course focuses on learning spoken Japanese that is aimed at native speakers. The goals are getting accustomed to that sort of authentic Japanese and being able to speak with high fluency. To keep the balance, writing and reading materials are provided. Watching videos and practicing speaking are the keys to success in this course. Winter, Spring. 21906. The Politics of Japanese Literary Modernism. (=EALC 21906) PQ: EALC 10900 required; ability to read Japanese not required. The aesthetic revolution envisioned by experimental Japanese authors in the second and third decades of the twentieth century shared a fundamental logic with the image of political revolution espoused in the same years by Japan's powerful Proletarian Literature movement. This modernist disposition, moreover, would later express itself in the openly reactionary language of cultural retreat and military expansion. This course examines a range of critical articles and fictional texts in English translation that allows students to reassess the meaning and value of such categories as "modernism," "realism," and "revolution" in twentieth-century Japanese literature. Texts in English. G. Golley. Winter. 24602/34602. Objects of Japanese History. (=ARTH 29704/39704, EALC 24806, HIST 24602/34602) For course description, see Art History. J. Ketelaar, H. Thomsen. Spring. 24606. Japanese History Through Film and Other Texts. (=EALC 24606, HIST 24601) This course is taught in Japan. J. Ketelaar. Autumn. 24706. History of Japanese Religion. (=EALC 24706, HIST 24700/34700) For course description, see History. J. Ketelaar. Winter. 24906/34906. Survey of Japanese Cinema I: Classical Cinema. (=CMST 24901/34901) For course description, see Cinema and Media Studies. M. Raine. Winter. 25006/35006. Survey of Japanese Cinema II: Modern Cinema. (=CMST 24902/34902) For course description, see Cinema and Media Studies. M. Raine. Spring. 25107/35107 Beyond Geisha and Samurai: Canonical Texts of Pre-Modern Japanese Literature. (=EALC 25106) Knowledge of Japanese not required. This course focuses on readings from key works of pre-modern Japanese literature. They include the poetry anthologies and the great prose fiction of the early centuries (The Tale of Genji and The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon); medieval Noh plays; and early modern poetry, fiction, and drama (e.g., Basho, Saikaku, Chikamatsu). We take into consideration the historical period of each work as well as the problem of translation. Texts in English. N. Field. Spring, 2006. 25506/35506. Gender and Japanese History. (=EALC 25506, GNDR 24701/34700, HIST 24802/34802) For course description, see History. S. Burns. Autumn, 2004. 26607/36607. Was Every Girl a Modern Girl? Topics in Modern Japanese Women's History. Knowledge of Japanese not required. So seductive are the terms "modern girl" and "new woman" that they tend to stand in for modern (post-1868) Japanese women's history. In this course, we look at various materials (i.e., historical, literary, film) to situate the "modern" and the "new." Who gets included? Who falls out? How might dropouts shape Japan's modernity? We revise these terms--expanding and limiting their use, perhaps even discarding them--depending on our background and inclinations. N. Field. Spring, 2006.
30100-30200-30300. Advanced Modern Japanese I, II, III. PQ: JAPN 20300 or equivalent, or consent of instructor. Must be taken for a letter grade. The third year marks the end of the basic modern language study. The purpose of the course is to help students learn to understand authentic written and spoken materials with reasonable ease. The texts are all authentic materials with some study aids. All work in Japanese. The class meets for three eighty-minute periods a week. H. Noto. Autumn, Winter, Spring.
40500-40600-407000. Fourth-Year Modern Japanese I, II, III. Open to both undergraduates and graduates. This course is designed to improve Japanese reading, speaking, writing, and listening ability to the advanced high level as measured by the ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages) Proficiency Guidelines. Weekly assignments require students to tackle modern Japanese texts of varying length and difficulty. Organized around a range of thought-provoking themes (from brain death and organ transplants to Japanese values on work and religion), reading assignments include academic theses in psychology and anthropology, literary texts, and popular journalism. H. Lory. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 34900-34901-34902. Pre-Modern Japanese: Kindai Bungo. PQ: JAPN 30300 or equivalent, or consent of instructor. Readings are from historical materials written in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. H. Noto. Autumn, Winter, Spring. Korean (kore)10100-10200-10300. Introduction to the Korean Language I, II, III. PQ: Consent of instructor. Must be taken for a quality grade. This introductory course is designed to provide beginners with a solid foundation in modern Korean focusing on the balanced development of the four basic language skills of speaking, listening comprehension, reading, and writing. Along with basic conversational and grammatical patterns, the course introduces students to Korean culture through various channels, including Korean movies and music, as well as a number of other cultural activities. J. H. Lee. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 20100-20200-20300. Intermediate Korean I, II, III. PQ: KORE 10300 or equivalent, and consent of instructor. Must be taken for a quality grade. As a continuation of KORE 10100-10200-10300, this course is designed to help students increase their communication skills (both oral and written) in the Korean language. Through an integrated framework of listening, speaking, reading, and writing, this course aims to increase fluency and accuracy in Korean. Videotapes and additional reading materials are used in a supplementary fashion and approximately one hundred Chinese characters are introduced for the achievement of basic literacy. Classes are conducted mostly in Korean and meet for fifty-minute periods five times a week. O. C. Pyun. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 24306. Autobiographical Writings, Gender, and Modern Korea. (=EALC 24306, GNDR 25300) Knowledge of Korean not required. This course explores the intersections between gender, the genre of autobiography, and modern Korean historical context. The focus is on the relationship between the life-experience, self-formation, and writing practices of Korean women. Students read theoretical texts on autobiography and gender as well as selected Korean autobiographical writings while being introduced to salient historical issues, especially as they relate to publication practices. K.-H. Choi. Winter. 30100-30200-30300. Advanced Korean I, II, III. PQ: KORE 20300 or equivalent, and consent of instructor. Must be taken for a quality grade. This course introduces readings of a wide selection of written styles (e.g., journalistic pieces, college-level textbooks, literary prose). The class focuses on the exercises of reading comprehension and discussions on various topics/issues related to contemporary Korea. Some audio and videotapes (e.g., televised news programs, movies, dramas) are used to improve the students' capacity in advanced Korean. Classes are conducted in Korean and meet for eighty-minute periods two times a week. S. Son. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 40100-40200-40300. Readings in Korean Culture, Politics, and Society I, II, III. PQ: KORE 30300 or equivalent, or consent of instructor. The aim of this course is to allow advanced students to improve their comprehension of readings selected from various sources (e.g., newspapers, contemporary journal articles, literary works) that cover topics of Korean culture, politics, and society. These reading materials serve as the foundation for classroom activities and outside projects, which bring both conversation skills and writing ability to a more advanced level. O. C. Pyun. Autumn, Winter, Spring. 47206. Writers, Journalists, and Censors in Modern Korea I, II. PQ: KORE 30300 or equivalent. This seminar studies the relationship between journalism, literature, publishing, and censorship in Korea from 1904 to 1945 with a view to examining the production, circulation, and reception of modern Korean literature. After mapping the specificity and generality of Japanese colonial censorship of Korean-language materials, the course examines the convergence of literature and journalism in the field of publication and inquires into the literary and cultural modes of resistance, accommodation, and transcendence of writers and publishers vis-à-vis the authorities of Japanese colonial censorship. Most texts in Korean. K.-H. Choi. Winter, Spring. |
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