Master: José Quintans, BSLC 300, 702-7964, qui4@midway.uchicago.edu

Senior Adviser: Manfred D. E. Ruddat, EBC 010, 702-8796, mruddat@uchicago.edu

Administrative Assistant: Kila Roberts, BSLC 328, 702-7962, kila@uchicago.edu

Laboratory Manager: Marcia A. Gilliland-Roberts, BSLC 336, 702-1930, mroberts@yoda.bsd.uchicago.edu

Staff Secretary: BSLC 301, 702-7963

Administrator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Programs:

Darby James, BSLC 303, 834-7744, jamesd@uchicago.edu

Faculty Advisers:

Doug Bishop, Genetics, CLSC 821B, 702-9211;

Martin Feder, Organismal Biology & Anatomy, A 201, 702-8096;

Bana Jabri, Immunology Specialization, AMB S352;

Gayle Lamppa, Molecular Genetics & Cell Biology, CLSC 827A,

702-9837;

Phillip Lloyd, Neuroscience Specialization, SBRI J45, 702-6376;

Marvin W. Makinen, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, CLSC 439B, 702-1080;

Manfred D. E. Ruddat, Ecology & Evolution, EBC 010, 702-8796;

Olaf Schneewind, Microbiology Specialization, CLSC 601, 834-9060

Undergraduate Research and Honors: Deborah J. Nelson, Ab 506A,

702-0126, dnelson@drugs.uchicago.edu

Summer Undergraduate Research: Paul Strieleman, BLSC 338, 702-5076, pstriele@midway.uchicago.edu

Program of Study

Biology is the study of living things and their adaptations to the pressures of natural selection. The faculty of the College believes that a sound knowledge of biology is essential for understanding many of the most pressing problems of modern life and for intelligent involvement in their eventual solution. The Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, therefore, provides a variety of general education courses for all College students—prospective biologists and nonbiologists alike. Although most of the course offerings beyond the introductory year are designed to serve the needs of students majoring in biological sciences, many of these courses are well suited to students in other areas who wish to study some aspect of modern biology in greater detail. Courses on the ethical and societal implications of the biological sciences, for example, are of interest to all students.

The General Education Requirement
in the Biological Sciences

Students choose one of the following options to meet the general education requirement for the biological sciences:

(1) an integrated Natural Sciences sequence for nonmajors, covering all general education requirements in the physical and biological sciences; or

(2) a two-quarter general education sequence for nonmajors; or

(3) a Fundamentals Sequence required for students majoring in biological sciences and students preparing for the health professions.

Advanced Placement Credit. For students who do not plan to major in the biological sciences or prepare for the health professions, a score of 4 or 5 on the AP biology test confers credit for BIOS 10110. These students complete the general education requirement with either one or two topics courses in the biological sciences, depending on how the requirements in the mathematical and physical sciences are satisfied; consult your College adviser for details.

Students with a score of 5 on the AP biology test who complete an AP 5 Fundamentals Sequence will be awarded a total of two quarters of credit for the general education requirement. This option is especially appropriate for students who plan to major in the biological sciences or prepare for the health professions, but it is open to all qualified students.

Biological Sciences Writing Program. The Biological Sciences Writing Program is designed to assist both professors and students in biological sciences courses that are reading and writing intensive, using teaching assistants with both science- and humanities-based backgrounds to conduct writing workshops and discussion sections.

Requirements for the Biological Sciences Major

The goals of the biological sciences program are to give students (1) an understanding of currently accepted concepts in biology and the experimental support for these concepts, and (2) an appreciation of the gaps in our current understanding and the opportunities for new research in this field. Emphasis is placed on introducing students to the diversity of subject matter and methods of investigation in the biological sciences. The program prepares students for graduate or professional study in the biological sciences and for careers in the biological sciences. The following sections describe the requirements for a B.A. in the biological sciences.

General Education Courses for Biological Sciences Majors

To prepare for more advanced work in the biological sciences, students must take CHEM 11101-11201/11102-11202 (or equivalent) to meet the general education requirement in physical sciences; MATH 13100-13200 or higher to meet the mathematics requirement in general education; and two courses in a Fundamentals Sequence (BIOS 20181-20182 or 20191-20192) to meet the general education requirement in biological sciences. Students with a score of 5 on the AP biology test may use their AP credit to meet the general education requirement in biological sciences if the AP 5 sequence is completed.

Courses Required for the Biological Sciences Major

Courses in the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division

Biological sciences majors must complete the third quarter of general chemistry (CHEM 11301/11302 or equivalent); two quarters of organic chemistry (CHEM 22000-22100/23100); two quarters of physics (PHYS 12100-12200 or higher); one additional quarter of calculus (MATH 13300 or higher) or statistics (STAT 22000); and one additional course in mathematics, statistics (22000 or higher), CHEM 22200/23200, PHYS 12300 or higher, or an approved 20000-level physical science course.

Courses in the Biological Sciences

Fundamentals Sequence. Students register for the final three quarters of their Fundamentals Sequence (BIOS 20180s or 20190s) in the major, or for the three-quarter AP 5 Fundamentals Sequence if they have a 5 on the AP biology test.

20200-level and above Biological Sciences Courses. Students also register for Introduction to Biochemistry (BIOS 20200) plus five additional 20200-level and above courses in biological sciences. These five courses are selected by the student unless the student chooses to complete a "specialization," in which case three courses are stipulated by the specialization (see below).

NOTE: BIOS 00199, 00206, and 00299 may not be used to meet the requirements of the major. In most cases, courses listed under the heading "Specialized Courses" may not be used to meet the requirements of the major. Limited exceptions are specifically noted.

Summary of Requirements

General                    CHEM 11101-11201/11102-11202 or equivalent*

Education                MATH 13100-13200, 15100-15200, or 16100-16200*

                                 BIOS 20181-20182 or BIOS 20191-20192 or a 5 on the AP biology test if an AP 5 sequence is completed.

Major                        3      BIOS 20234 and BIOS 20235** and one additional AP 5 sequence course or completion of BIOS 20180s or 20190s

                                  1      CHEM 11301/11302 or equivalent*

                                  1      BIOS 20200 (Biochemistry)

                               4-5      biological sciences courses above 20200
(may include BIOS 00298)

                                  2      CHEM 22000-22100/23100

                                  2      PHYS 12100-12200 or higher*

                               1      MATH 13300, 15300, or 16300, or STAT 22000*

                               1      additional course in mathematics (MATH 21500), statistics (STAT 22000 or higher),
CHEM 22200/23200, PHYS 12300 or higher,
or approved 20000-level

                                          physical science course

                           15-16

*          Credit may be granted by examination.

**        Open only to students with a 5 on the AP biology test.

Grading. Students must receive quality grades in all courses in the major.

Research Opportunities. Students are encouraged to carry out individual guided research in an area of their interest. A student may propose an arrangement with any faculty member in the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division to sponsor and supervise research on an individual tutorial basis. Students register for BIOS 00199 or 00299 for course credit. Consult the course description section for information about procedures, grading, and requirements for registration in BIOS 00199 and 00299. For more information, see http://bscd.bsd.uchicago.edu/research.html.

Some financial support may be available to students with third- or fourth-year standing for summer research through their research supervisors or through fellowships awarded competitively by the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division.

Honors in Biological Sciences. Students may earn a bachelor's degree with honors in the biological sciences by satisfactorily completing an individual research program and honors thesis. To be eligible for honors, students must also have a GPA of 3.25 or higher overall and in courses in the major based on all course work up to the final quarter of graduation. Students are urged to consult with their advisers and with the director of the honors program well before their senior year for guidance on meeting the requirements for honors.

Honors students rarely begin their research later than the summer before their senior year; most honors students begin research in their junior year or earlier. Fourth-year students usually complete BIOS 00299 during Autumn and Winter Quarters and must complete BIOS 00298 in Spring Quarter. Students prepare oral and visual presentations of their research for a poster session early in Spring Quarter. Fourth-year students who wish to be considered for honors must submit a first draft of their thesis before the end of third week of Spring Quarter; it will be evaluated by two reviewers and returned to them with comments. The final version will then be due at the end of eighth week, and must be approved by the director of the honors program in consultation with the reviewers. For more information, see http://bscd.bsd.uchicago.edu/honorsprogram.html.

Specialization Programs in the Biological Sciences

Students who wish to complete a "specialization" should discuss their plans with the specialization chair in Spring Quarter of their second year.

Specialization in Cellular and Molecular Biology. Biological sciences majors who meet the following requirements will be recognized as having completed a specialization in the area of cellular and molecular biology.

The following requirements must be met:

Courses          1.   third quarter of organic chemistry (CHEM 22200/23200)

                        2.   three of the five 20200-level courses in the biological sciences that are required for the biological sciences major must be completed within the specialization, with one course each from three of the four following areas being selected:

                              a.   BIOS 21207. Cell Biology
b.   BIOS 21226. Genetics
c.   BIOS 21227 or 23299. Developmental Biology
d.   BIOS 21208 or 21209. Molecular Biology

Laboratory            completion of an independent research project that

Research               either:

1. qualifies as a senior honors project; or

2. is approved by the director of the specialization.

The specialization in cellular and molecular biology is administered by the Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology. For more information, consult Gayle Lamppa (702-9837, gklamppa@midway.uchicago.edu).

Specialization in Ecology and Evolution. Biological sciences majors who complete the course work indicated below and meet the requirements of the senior honors paper will be recognized as having completed a specialization in ecology and evolution. This specialization is recommended for students who are interested in pursuing graduate work in the field or in laboratory sciences of ecology, evolution, population genetics, or behavior. Based on the student's particular interest, he or she will elect a faculty adviser, who then may recommend specific courses necessary to meet the specialization requirements (see following section). The faculty adviser may also help the student find an appropriate research laboratory in which to conduct an individual research project.

The following requirements must be met:

Courses          1.   three quarters of calculus and three quarters of statistics (starting at the level of STAT 22000) in lieu of the physics requirement

                        2.   three upper-level courses in the biological sciences, as recommended by the faculty adviser or the faculty member in whose lab the student does his/her research, from a menu of courses in ecology, evolution, genetics, or behavior

Laboratory            completion of original research in the laboratory under the

or Field                 guidance of a member of the ecology and evolution

Research               faculty, which will qualify the student to write an honors paper. NOTE: Students must complete field research by the end of the growing season (summer) of their third year.

The specialization in ecology and evolution is administered by the Department of Ecology and Evolution. For more information, consult Manfred Ruddat (702-8796, mruddat@uchicago.edu).

Specialization in Genetics. Biological Sciences majors who meet the following requirements will be recognized as having completed a specialization in the area of genetics.

The following requirements must be met:

Introductory   1. BIOS 20182 or 20192. Genetics (Winter) (students may not use

Courses          AP credit to bypass)

2. BIOS 20185. Ecology and Evolution (Winter)

3. STAT 22000. Introductory Statistics with Applications

(section focused on Biological data)

Advanced        1. BIOS 21200. Human Molecular Genetics

Courses        

                        Choose one of the following:

BIOS 21208. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology (Winter)

BIOS 21209. Molecular Biology (Winter)

BIOS 21306. Human Genetics and Evolution (Autumn)

BIOS 23256. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution (Autumn)

 

                        Choose one of the following:

BIOS 21216. Introductory Statistical Genetics (Winter)

BIOS 21227. Advanced Developmental Biology (Autumn)

BIOS 23299. Plant Development and Molecular Genetics (Spring)

BIOS 25216. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Bacterial Pathogenesis (Spring)

BIOS 25307. Molecular Genetics of Bacteriophage (Spring)

Laboratory      Completion of an independent research project.

Research        The project must either:

Qualify as a senior honors project.

or

Be approved by the director of the specialization

The specialization in genetics is administered by the Committee on Genetics. Consult Doug Bishop (702-9211, dbishop@midway.uchicago.edu) for more information.

Specialization in Immunology. After taking the following three courses, biological sciences majors will be recognized as having completed a specialization in immunology. For those who wish further study, an elective is available to provide an in-depth understanding of key general immunological questions.

Required Courses

BIOS 25256. Immunobiology (Autumn)

BIOS 25257. Advanced Immunology (Winter)

BIOS 25258. Immunopathology (Spring)

Elective Course

BIOS 25259. Fundamental Issues in Immunology (Autumn)

For more information, consult Bana Jabri, Department of Pathology and the Committee on Immunobiology (834-8670, bjabri@bsd.uchicago.edu).

Specialization in Microbiology. Biological sciences majors who complete the following requirements will be recognized as having completed a specialization in microbiology. Students in this specialization are required to complete three quarters of organic chemistry. Students register for four required courses in the specialization (BIOS 25206, 25216, 25210, and 25286). Several electives are available to provide additional training in microbiology. With prior approval from the specialization chair, it may be possible to substitute one course from the list of suggested electives for one of the required courses.

Required Courses

BIOS 25206. Introduction to Bacterial Physiology (Autumn)

BIOS 25216. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Bacterial Pathogenesis

   (Winter)

BIOS 25210. Experimental Physiology of Bacteria (Winter)

BIOS 25286. Viruses of Eukaryotes (Spring)

Electives in the Committee on Microbiology

BIOS 21307. Bacterial Genomes (Spring)

BIOS 25307. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Bacteriophage (Spring)

Honors Program in the Microbiology Specialization. Students who complete a research thesis have an opportunity to receive rigorous advanced training in microbiology and to receive honors. To graduate with honors in the biological sciences with a specialization in microbiology, students are required to (1) maintain a GPA of 3.25 or higher both overall and in the major, and (2) meet the lecture and laboratory course requirements of the specialization with a GPA of 3.25 or higher. They must also register for two research/reading courses (see below) and complete an experimental honors thesis project based on an experimental report covering at least two quarters of work in the laboratory of a faculty member of the Committee on Microbiology. The honors thesis paper and progress of the honors student in the final (fourth) year of study will be evaluated by a Committee of three faculty members assembled by the Chair of the Committee on Microbiology. Students interested in a research thesis should discuss their plans with the committee chair and enroll in 00199 (Undergraduate Research, Autumn Quarter), 00299 (Advanced Research in the Biological Sciences, Winter Quarter), and 00298 (Undergraduate Research Seminar, Spring Quarter).

For more information, students should consult with Dominique Missiakas, undergraduate adviser of the Committee on Microbiology (834-8161, dmissiak@bsd.uchicago.edu).

Specialization in Neuroscience. Biological sciences majors who complete the three required courses listed below will be recognized as having completed a specialization in neuroscience. Students who elect to specialize should consult the faculty adviser, Phillip Lloyd, who is available to advise on the choice of classes and to help identify laboratories in which individual research projects can be carried out. Students who plan to specialize are encouraged to begin the required sequence below in Spring Quarter of their second year, carry out individual guided research, participate in the honors research program, and attend neurobiology/biopsychology-related seminars.

BIOS 24204. Cellular Neurobiology

BIOS 24205. Systems Neuroscience

BIOS 24214. Cognitive Neuroscience

The following courses deal with topics of interest to neuroscientists. Students specializing in neuroscience may use these courses as electives to meet requirements for the major. Please note that the psychology courses meet requirements for the major only for students specializing in neuroscience.

BIOS 24207. Developmental Neurobiology

BIOS 24211. Neuroethology

BIOS 24217. Conquest of Pain

BIOS 24218. Molecular Neurobiology

BIOS 24221. Computational Neuroscience I:
Single Neuron Computation

BIOS 24222. Computational Neuroscience II: Vision

BIOS 24223. Computational Neuroscience III: Language

BIOS 29405. Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience I

BIOS 29406. Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience II

BIOS 29407. Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience III

PSYC 31000. Perspectives in Drug Abuse

PSYC 32000. Color Vision

PSYC 35000. Physiology of Vision

PSYC 38000. Seminar: Memory and Learning

PSYC 38700. Connectionist Modeling: Techniques

STAT 24700. Introduction to Probability Models

For more information, students should consult with Phillip Lloyd (702-6376, plloyd@uchicago.edu).

Minor Program in Computational Neuroscience

The minor in computational neuroscience is offered by the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division. Computational neuroscience is a relatively new interdisciplinary area of inquiry that is concerned with how components of animal and human nervous systems interact to produce behaviors. It relies on quantitative and modeling approaches to understand the function of the nervous system and to design human-made devices that duplicate behaviors. Course work in computational neuroscience can prepare students for graduate studies in neurobiology or psychology, in the mathematical or engineering sciences, or in areas of medicine such as neurology or psychiatry. It can lead to either traditional academic careers or to opportunities in the corporate world. Interested students may find more relevant information on computational neuroscience at the following Web site: http://cns.bsd.uchicago.edu.

This minor is a good option for students who are majoring in biological sciences and are interested in mathematical approaches to biology; or for students who are majoring in computer science, mathematics, physics, psychology, or statistics and are interested in neuroscience. Students electing this minor must have completed, or placed out of, the equivalent of a year of collegiate-level calculus, and must have completed the general education requirement for the biological sciences. A list of courses that are recommended to meet the general education requirement for the biological sciences can be found on the computational neuroscience Web site at: http://cns.bsd.uchicago.edu/index3.html?content=programinfo.html. This minor requires completion of the following two (three-course) sequences: BIOS 24221, 24222, 24223 (Computational Neuroscience I, II and III) and BIOS 29405, 29406, and 29407 (Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience I, II, and III). Taking the two sequences concurrently is recommended but not required.

Students who elect the minor program are required to meet with the Chair of the Committee on Computational Neuroscience by the end of Spring Quarter of their third year. Students must obtain formal approval from the chair to complete the minor program on a form obtained from their College adviser and returned to the adviser by the deadline above. No courses in the minor can be double counted with the student's major(s) or with other minors; nor can they be counted toward general education requirements. More than half of the requirements for the minor must be met by registering for courses bearing University of Chicago course numbers. Students must earn a B- average or above in courses counted toward the minor.

Minor Program in Interdisciplinary Quantitative Studies

in the Natural Sciences

Offered by the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the minor in Interdisciplinary Quantitative Studies in the Natural Sciences is designed for third- and fourth-year majors in biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics. The minor requires five courses: Computational Biology and four courses chosen from the list below.

Computational Biology, a course that carries 200 units of credit, introduces the interdisciplinary research and training expected of scientists in the twenty-first century. The other four required courses, which are chosen in consultation with the master of the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, allow students to pursue either a specific area of interest or a range of interests. Students are required to meet with the master by the end of Spring Quarter of their third year to discuss a program of study. The master's approval for the minor program should be submitted to a student's College adviser by Spring Quarter of his or her third year on a form obtained from the adviser.

No course in the minor can be double counted with the student's major(s), with other minors, or with general education requirements. More than half of the requirements for the minor must be met by registering for courses bearing University of Chicago course numbers.

In addition to registering for the required introductory course described above, students choose four courses from the following list, which is subject to change.

BIOS 21216. Introductory Statistical Genetics

BIOS 21316. Biological Chemistry

BIOS 21318. Molecular Biophysics

BIOS 21319. RRP: Ribosomes, RNA, and Protein

BIOS 22242. Biological Fluid Mechanics

BIOS 22243. Biomechanics of Organisms

BIOS 24211. Neuroethology

BIOS 24221-24223. Computational Neuroscience

BIOS 26400. Introduction to Bioinformatics

BIOS 28500. Biological Physics

MATH 21400-21500. Biomathematics

Faculty

P. Amarasekare, Y. Amit, C. Andrews, P. Ashton-Rickardt, W. Barnhart, J. Bates,
A. Bendelac, J. Bergelson, D. Bishop, S. Boyle-Vavra, M. Brady, K. Cagney, M. Casadaban,
L. Casalino, M. Caserta, B. Chernoff, Z. Chi, K.-S. Chiang, A. Chong, T. Christianson,
M. Coates, C. Correll, N. Cox, J. Coyne, J. Crispino, E. DeSombre, H. de Wit, J. Dignam, A. DiRienzo, W. Du, V. Dukic, G. Dwyer, W. Epstein, R. Esposito, M. E. Feder,
E. Ferguson, B. Fineschi, J. Flynn, M. Foote, A. Fox, G. Franzoso, H. C. Friedmann,
T. Gajewski, G. Getz, M. Giger, D. Gillen, B. Glick, J. Goldberg, L. Goldman, P. Goldstein,
W. Green, J. Greenberg, G. Greene, E. Grove, M. Hale, K. Hamann, D. Hanck,
R. Haselkorn, N. Hatsopoulos, L. Heaney, A. Heller, R. Ho, W. Hoff, R. Hudson,
A. Hunter, N. Issa, D. Jablonski, B. Jabri, R. Josephs, M. Kearney, S. Kent, S. Koide,
M. Kreitman, S. Kron, V. Kumar, M. LaBarbera, B. Lahn, G. Lamppa, E. Larsen,
D. Lauderdale, C. Lese-Martin, W.-H. Li, Y. Li, S. Liao, A. Lin, P. Lloyd, R. E. Lombard,
M. Long, K. Macleod, P. Makovicky, D. Maestripieri, A. Mahowald, M. W. Makinen,
J. Malamy, D. Margoliash, S. Margulis, R. Martin, T. E. Martin, P. Mason, J. Mateo,
M. McClintock, R. McCrea, J. McElwain, D. McGehee, S. C. Meredith, L. Mets, K. Millen,
J. Milton, D. Missiakas, A. Montag, J. Moss, G. Mueller, P. Mueller, M. Musch,
J. Nachman, T. Nagylaki, P. Nash, D. Nelson, M. Nishimura, A. Noronha, C. Ober, M. Osadjan,
C. Palfrey, T. Pan, S. Patel, B. Patterson, I. Pavlova, R. Perlman, M. Peter, C. Pfister,
J. Piccirilli, D. Preuss, T. Price, V. Prince, S. Pruett-Jones, J. Quintans, C. Ragsdale,
J.-M. Ramirez, P. Rathouz, I. Rebay, T. Regier, P. Rice, B. Roizman, M. Rosner, L. F. Ross,
L. Rothman-Denes, M. D. E. Ruddat, U. Schmidt-Ott, O. Schneewind, C. Schonbaum,
M. Schreiber, P. Schumacker, J. Schwab, E. Schwartz, P. Sereno, J. Shapiro, K. Sharma,
N. Shubin, P. Sierwald, H. Singh, S. Sisodia, T. Sosnick, A. Sperling, J. Staley, T. Steck,
D. F. Steiner, U. Storb, F. H. Straus II, L. P. Straus, B. S. Strauss, P. Strieleman, S. Szuchet,
W.-J. Tang, E. W. Taylor, G. Thinakaran, K. Thompson, A. Turkewitz, R. Tuttle,
P. Ulinski, L. M. Van Valen, M. Verp, P. Vezina, M. Villereal, P. Wagner, C.-R. Wang,
M. Westneat, W. Wimsatt, A. Wolfe, T.-W. Wong, J. T. Wootton, C. Wu, R. Zaragoza,
X. Zhuang, Y. Zou

Courses: Biological Sciences (bios)

Students must confirm their registration with their instructors by the second class meeting or their registration may be canceled. In the following course descriptions, L indicates courses with a laboratory.

Biological Sciences Sequences for Nonmajors

Students choose from the following options to meet the biological sciences requirement. The requirement should be completed by the end of the second year.

1.   Students in this sequence take Biological Issues and Paradigms (BIOS 10110) as their first course. For their second quarter, students choose from a menu of topics courses (BIOS 10111-19999) that are comprehensive reviews of specialized topics in the biological sciences. Nonmajors are encouraged to enroll in additional biological sciences courses that cover topics of special interest to them.

BIOS 10110. Biological Issues and Paradigms. Students must confirm their registration with their instructors by the second class meeting or their registration may be canceled. This course addresses the question "what is life?" with a discussion of topics that range from the essential properties characteristic of all life to the complexities of evolution and interactions between all forms of life in the biosphere. Students in the course develop a broad common core of understanding of the nature of life through lectures, small group discussions, writing, and laboratory investigations. Laboratory fees apply. A second biology course (listed under "Topics Courses below") builds on this core knowledge, focusing on a specialized topic of biological inquiry. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

Multiple sections of this course are offered each quarter. Each section is taught from a different perspective by one of five faculty members based upon the specialty of the instructor. The Time Schedules will contain a "key descriptive word" in the notes for each section so students can register for the version that best suits their interests.

A.  "From Molecules to Ecosystems" (key word: comprehensive) emphasizes how biological systems work, from macromolecules through cells and organisms to ecosystems. T. Christianson. Autumn, Spring.

B. "Current Issues in Biology" (key word: current) comprehensively covers modern biology. Subjects explored include current issues in genomics (the Human Genome Project), proteomics (the proteins the genome codes for), and stem cell biology. B. Fineschi. Autumn, Spring.

C.  "Pharmacology Perspective" (key word: pharmacology) describes how drugs work at the cellular and organismal level, and covers advanced topics in cellular, molecular, and organismal biology. R. Zaragoza. Spring.

D.  "Infectious Disease" (key word: infections) covers major concepts in biology (molecular biology, genetics, evolution) by focusing on the molecular basis of human diseases and the prevention and treatment of diseases such as HIV and cancer. I. Pavlova. Autumn, Winter.

E.   "Organisms to Ecosystems" (key words: organisms, evolution, ecology) emphasizes evolution, ecology, and physiology with the use of readings from the primary literature as well as popular scientific publications. A. Hunter. Autumn, Winter.

F.   "Quantitative Biology" (key word: quantitative) integrates mathematics with organismal, evolutionary, and ecological aspects of biology for science majors and students with prior knowledge of biology and basic mathematics skills. Students must perform well on the Biology Diagnostic Examination. E. Larsen. Winter.

2.   "Nature of Life" (BIOS 10400/10401) is an alternative sequence to BIOS 10110 and a topics course. It is appropriate for students who are interested in a more chemical and molecular introduction to biology and who have a strong background in high school chemistry.

BIOS 10400. Molecular and Cellular Nature of Life. This course is the first in a sequence that is an alternative to BIOS 10110 for students interested in the more chemical and molecular aspects of biology. In this course, we examine the principles underlying the universal processes on which all forms of life, from humans to dandelions to bacteria, are based. We begin by discussing the fundamental chemical strategies that mediate energy conversion, coupling of metabolic pathways, and information storage and expression. With that understanding, we discuss crucial characteristics of life phenomena at the cellular level and then conclude the course with a look at the rapidly advancing field of genetic engineering and its far-reaching implications for our lives. K.-S. Chiang. Winter. L.

BIOS 10401. The Origin of Life. PQ: BIOS 10400. This course is the second in a sequence that is an alternative to BIOS 10110 for students interested in the more chemical and molecular aspects of biology. In this course, we discuss current thinking about the processes by which life emerged from just a few abiotic molecules and evolved into the present-day dazzling structural complexity characteristic of life. We begin by defining what is necessary and sufficient for life at its most basic level and discussing the fundamental chemical strategies that support life. With that understanding, we examine in some depth current theories and conjectures regarding chemical evolution and the emergence of the very first cell, the precursor to all life on the Earth. K.-S. Chiang. Spring.

Topics Courses for Nonmajors

The courses below have a prerequisite of BIOS 10100 or 10110, or a score of 4 or 5 on the AP biology test. Attendance is required at the first class to confirm enrollment.

11108. Human Heredity. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course introduces the progress and problems in human genetics. Topics include genetic and physiologic determinants of sex, patterns of human inheritance, analysis of DNA and DNA fingerprinting, DNA cloning, prenatal genetic diagnosis, the genetics of complex traits, and the genetics of human populations. Assignments are based on current newspaper or magazine articles that reflect the interaction of genetics with some political, social, economic, or ethical issue. B. Strauss. Winter.

11109. Molecules to Cells and Back. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. Selected topics of current medical and/or environmental interest are used to illustrate basic principles of cell and molecular biology. T. Martin. Spring.

11114. The Growth of Science. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course attempts to show how the interdependence of observations and ideas leads to the development of scientific disciplines. Because the instructor is a biochemist, examples to some extent are selected from the development by men and by women of this field, whose vagaries provide opportune material for instructive generalizations that radiate into other biological and chemical areas. An attempt is made to determine reasons for the development and the lack of development of scientific disciplines at different times and in different places. H. Friedmann. Autumn.

11116. Genetic Engineering. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course covers the history and technology of the efforts of humans to manipulate the genetic makeup of organisms. We focus most of our attention on genetic engineering in the production of agricultural, industrial, and medical products. We engage as a group in some virtual engineering projects. We also assess the ethical and public policy issues that are raised by rapid advances in genetic engineering technology. Field trips to sites where the work of genetic engineers is on display required. L. Mets. Spring.

11118. Introduction to Stem Cell Research. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course examines the scientific progress and future research directions in stem cell biology, reviewing the current state of the science of stem cell research. We address stem cells from adult, fetal tissue, and embryonic sources, as well as research ethics and diseases. The current progress in identifying and defining stem cells is introduced. The underlying molecular circuitries supporting that stem cell maintenance and differentiation during development are discussed. Our goal is to convey knowledge in this particular field and serve as a platform for discussion sessions that develop the ability to generate original paradigms and concepts from the pool of preexisting ideas. E. Bertolino. Winter.

11119. The Biology of Gender. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course explores the biological evidence and theories that seek to explain gender in humans. The course relies on current research in neuroscience, physiology, and cell biology to address such topics as the genetics of gender; sexual differentiation of the fetus; sexually dimorphic brain regions; the biology of gender identity and gender preference; and hormonal/environmental contributions to gender. M. Osadjan. Autumn.

11122. Topics in Environmental Biology. (=ENST 12402) PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110, or consent of instructor. We consider interactions of H. sapiens with the natural environment at several biological levels: molecular, cellular, genetic, ecological, and human. T. Steck, A. Turkewitz. Winter.

11123. The X-Chromosome and its Degenerate Counterpart, the Y. PQ: BIOS 11108 or equivalent.Simplistic explanations of the biological basis of human sexuality rely on the qualitative/quantitatively different chromosomal constitution of males and females. Current biological research indicates that the situation is much more complex. This course considers the molecular structure of X and Y chromosomes and the control mechanisms that govern their function. Social consequences considered range from the use of the Y chromosome for the study of human history to the supposed roles of genes in homosexuality and in behavioral characteristics. B. Strauss. Spring.

12107. Cell Biology of Physiological Stress. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course studies the application of cell biology principles to physiological stress. We use paradigms such as fasting to talk about organ interactions (e.g., the Cori cycle). This includes discussions of receptors, kinases, and other cellular biology. M. Musch. Autumn.

12108. Biology and the Human Condition. (=ENST 12108) PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. We discuss the insights that biology offers into some perennial human questions. Do the biological imperatives for reproduction and population growth inevitably conflict with the goals of a civilized society? Why do disease and suffering persist? In what ways are all people similar and in what ways is each individual unique? How do our genetic inheritances and our individual experiences interact in development? Is there a "human nature?" R. Perlman. Autumn.

12113. Human Physiology for Everyday Life. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. Not open to students preparing for the health professions. Lecture topics cover all human body organ systems ranging from cardiovascular to reproductive in order to discuss the basic principles of human physiology. A special emphasis is placed on relating these physiologic principles to the common diseases one encounters in everyday life. T. Baman. Autumn.

12114. Nutritional Science. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course examines the underlying biological mechanisms of nutrient utilization in humans and the scientific basis for setting human nutritional requirements. The relationships between food choices and human health are also explored. Students consider how to assess the validity of scientific research that provides the basis for advice about how to eat healthfully. Class assignments are designed to help students apply their learning by critiquing nutritional health claims and/or current nutrition policy issues. P. Strieleman. Spring.

13106. The Hungry Earth: Light, Energy, and Subsistence. (=ENST 13106) PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This class considers the continuing erosion of the resources of the Earth by the persisting pressures of a growing human population, which makes a broad knowledge and appreciation of biology essential. Discussion includes the principles of energy conversion by plants as primary producers, the evolution of the structures and mechanisms involved in energy conversion, the origin of crop plants, improvements of plants by conventional breeding and genetic engineering, and the interactions of plants with pathogens and herbivores. M. Ruddat. Winter.

13107. Environmental Ecology. (=ENST 12404, NTSC 10400) PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course emphasizes basic scientific understanding of ecological and evolutionary principles that relate most closely to the ways humans interact with their environments. Topics include population growth, adaptation, and ecosystem structure and function. We also discuss the regulation and consequences of biodiversity. Discussion required. T. Price. Winter.

13109. Ecology. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. Ecology is the study of the distribution and abundance of organisms. This course highlights key themes in ecology (e.g., how the environment affects species, evaluating the viability of populations, the implications for interactions among species, and the function of ecosystems). Emphasis is placed on how ecological information is being applied in the area of conservation biology. C. Pfister. Autumn.

13111. Natural History of North American Deserts. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110.This lecture/laboratory course focuses on the ecological communities of the Southwest, primarily on the four subdivisions of the North American Desert, the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mohave, and Great Basin Deserts. Lecture topics include climate change and the impact on the flora and fauna of the region; adaptations to arid landscapes; evolutionary, ecological, and conservation issues in the arid Southwest, especially relating to isolated mountain ranges; human impacts on the biota, land, and water; and how geological and climatic forces shape deserts. E. Larsen. Spring.

13112. Natural History of North American Deserts: Field School. PQ: Consent of instructor and concurrent enrollment in BIOS 13111.This lab course is a two-week field trip at end of Spring Quarter, specific dates to be announced. Our goal is to prepare proposals for field projects in the field portion of the course. Field projects are conducted at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in Arizona where we will compare patterns of plant and animal distribution along an elevation gradient in these two deserts. We then take a driving tour of the Mohave and Great Basin before returning to Chicago. Field conditions are rugged. Travel is by twelve-passenger van. Lodging during most of the course is tent camping on developed campsites. E. Larsen. Spring. L.

13118. Genetically Modified Organisms. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. In this course, we discuss issues surrounding the production of genetically modified organisms. We begin by understanding genetic manipulation and how it can enhance agriculture and medicine. We then focus on critically evaluating the scientific basis of health and environmental concerns. Readings from the primary literature are supplemented with background information on genetic technologies and with presentations from the media. The class includes lectures, videos, student presentations, and extensive discussions. J. Bergelson. Winter.

13120. Economic Plants and Human Health. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. The profound influence of plants on the economic development of human societies is based on their wide usage for food, medicine, and numerous other applications. We focus on plants that provide essential nutrients, medicines, and luxurious commodities, and on how agriculture and trade of plant products determines issues of world hunger and economic development. As a group, we explore alternative means of managing agricultural and medicinal plants to address problems of world hunger and economics. The class includes opportunities for field trips and hands-on experiences. I. Pavlova. Spring.

14107. Workings of the Human Brain. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course is designed to give students an overview of the many functions of the brain, including perception, movement, language, emotion, memory, and sleep. We use a model of disease or dysfunction in an area of the brain to understand its normal functioning. This approach is complemented by presenting modern methods such as functional MRI and by reviewing historical milestones in neuroscience. Attendance required at each class meeting including lectures, labs, review sessions, and screenings of videotapes and imaging sessions. A. Noronha. Spring.

14108. Introduction to the Nervous System. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. Extensive biology background not required but some knowledge of the field is helpful. This course is designed for students who are interested in learning the biology of the nervous system. Information is disseminated in the form of lectures that cover the basic principles and discussion sessions that illustrate specific examples. We cover compartments within the nervous system, development of different neuronal subtypes, neuronal connectivity, and neural activity in embryos and its role in sculpting neuronal connectivity. K. Sharma, Y. Zou. Autumn.

14109. Physiology of Addiction. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course surveys the biological basis of substance abuse and substance addiction. We examine common addictions (e.g., caffeine, nicotine) to specialty drugs (e.g., ecstasy, anabolic steroids). Topics include: (1) an introduction to human metabolism and neurophysiology; (2) the mode of action of various substances on the nervous system; and (3) the storage, metabolism, and clearance of substances in the body. M. Osadjan. Winter.

15106. Plagues: Past and Present. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course explores selected examples of ancient, re-emerging, and emerging pathogens in the context of biology, as well as epidemiology and the selective pressures that influence the spread and control of epidemics. Emphasis is placed on the biological basis of how microbes gain access to and cause damage in their hosts and the struggle between the pathogen and the host's immune system. Students also gain an understanding of the basis for diagnostic procedures, treatments, and immunization. Discussion sessions required in addition to lectures. S. Boyle-Vavra. Winter.

15108. Immune System in Health and Disease. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This class introduces basic concepts of molecular biology and immunology. Subjects include principles and applications of genetic engineering; defense mechanisms against infection and cancer; and various disorders of the immune system (e.g., allergy, autoimmunity, AIDS). C.-R. Wang. Winter.

15109. The Origins of Cancer. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. In this lecture/discussion course, the molecular biology and clinical aspects of cancer are considered in tandem. In particular, the most prevalent malignant tumors (e.g., those arising in the breast, prostate, colon, and lung) are used as examples. T. W. Wong. Spring.

15111. Epithelium and Intestinal Flora. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This lecture/discussion course introduces the symbiotic relationship between humans and their intestinal flora on a cellular and molecular level. Special emphasis is given to understanding the benefits derived from normal gut flora as well as the molecular mechanisms responsible for diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Students discuss recent original experimental work in related fields. J. Sun, M. Hobert. Spring.

15112. Biological Poisons and Toxins. PQ: BIOS 10110 or 10100. This course explores biological poisons and toxins found throughout our environment. Toxins can originate from bacteria (anthrax, tetanus, botulinum, cholera), plants (ricin, curare, opiates), marine organisms (tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin), mushrooms (amanitin), frogs (batrachotoxin), and other organisms. Emphasis is placed on toxins that provide insight into the workings of the nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. We also address current topics including the weaponization of toxins in biowarfare and bioterrorism and also explore examples of therapeutic (i.e., Botox) and commercial uses of toxins. J. Kyle. Spring.

15113. Viral Tricks. PQ: BIOS 10110 or 10100. Viruses are small obligate parasites of eukaryotic cells and bacteria. This course describes some very peculiar strategies that they adopt to maximize their replication. Viral structure and biology are addressed, with special attention to how viruses subvert the environment of the infected cell, render it more permissive to replication and neutralize the defenses of the infected cell/organism. L. Benetti. Spring.

15118. Why Microbes Know So Much Immunology. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course discusses the interactions between microbes and their human and animal hosts from an evolutionary perspective. Particular emphasis is devoted to the plague, AIDS, anthrax, tuberculosis, and other major forms of pestilence. The ever-changing complex interactions between infectious agents and of innate and adaptive immunity are presented. J. Quintans. Winter.

Biological Sciences Sequences for Majors and

Students Preparing for the Health Professions

Five-Quarter Fundamentals Sequences

BIOS 20181 through 20185

This five-course sequence is an integrated introduction to the breadth of biology as a modern scientific discipline. It is designed for students who are preparing for a career in the biological sciences or medical professions. The material in this sequence is largely the same as that in the BIOS 20190s sequence. Topics include cell and molecular biology, genetics, developmental biology, organismal biology, and ecology and evolution. The final two quarters of this sequence must be completed by choosing two of the following three courses: BIOS 20184, 20185, or 20194. Students registering for this sequence must have completed or placed out of General or Honors Chemistry or be enrolled concurrently in General or Honors Chemistry. Students who completed the first three courses in this sequence prior to Autumn 2004 must complete two of the following courses: BIOS 20184 (Biodiversity), 20185 (Ecology and Evolution), or 20195 (Organismal Physiology [available Spring 2005 only]). Either BIOS 20183 (Physiology) or 20193 (Physiology), but not both, is also an option in fulfilling this requirement.

20181. Cell and Molecular Biology. This course is an introduction to molecular and cellular biology that emphasizes the unity of cellular processes amongst all living organisms. Topics are the structure, function, and synthesis of nucleic acids and protein; structure and function of cell organelles and extracellular matrices; energetics; cell cycle; cells in tissues and cell-signaling; altered cell functions in disease states; and some aspects of molecular evolution and the origin of cells. T. Martin, C. Schonbaum. Autumn. L.

20182. Genetics. PQ: BIOS 20181. The goal of this course is to integrate recent developments in molecular genetics and the human genome project into the structure of classical genetics. Topics include Mendelian inheritance, linkage, tetrad analysis, DNA polymorphisms, human genome, chromosome aberrations and their molecular analysis, bacterial and virus genetics, regulatory mechanisms, DNA cloning, mechanism of mutation and recombination, and transposable elements. D. Bishop, B. Lahn, P. Strieleman. Winter. L.

20183. Physiology. PQ: BIOS 20181 and 20182. This course focuses on the physiological problems that animals (including humans) face in natural environments; solutions to these problems that the genome encodes; and the emergent physiological properties of the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organismal levels of organization. Lectures and labs emphasize physiological reasoning, problem solving, and current research. M. Feder, M. Osadjan. Spring. L.

20184. Biological Diversity. PQ: BIOS 20183 or 20193, or consent of instructor. An overview of the diversity of living organisms, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is presented. We emphasize the major groups of organisms, their evolutionary histories and relationships, and the biological and evolutionary implications of the characteristic features of each group. We discuss how the biosphere transformed to its present state over the past four billion years. M. LaBarbera, E. Larsen, A. Hunter, C. Andrews. Autumn. L.

20185. Ecology and Evolution. PQ: BIOS 20181-20182 or 20191-20192. This course surveys the major principles of ecology and evolutionary biology. Topics in evolutionary biology include the evidence for evolution, the history of life, the mechanisms of evolution (e.g., mutation, selection, genetic drift), adaptation, speciation, the origin of evolutionary novelties, the origin of life, and human evolution. Topics in ecology include demography and life histories, competition, predation, and the interspecific interactions that shape the structure of ecological communities. G. Dwyer, J. Coyne, C. Andrews. Winter. L.

BIOS 20191 through 20195

This integrated sequence examines the fundamental biological processes that are the basis of all life. Topics include cell and molecular biology, genetics, developmental biology, ecology and evolution, and organismal biology. The final two quarters of this sequence must be completed by choosing two of the following three courses: BIOS 20184, 20185, or 20194. Before registering for BIOS 20191, students must have completed or placed out of General or Honors Chemistry or they must have consent of instructor. Students who completed the first three courses in this sequence prior to Autumn 2004 must complete two of the following courses: BIOS 20184 (Biodiversity), 20185 (Ecology and Evolution), or 20195 (Organismal Physiology [available Spring 2005 only]). Either BIOS 20183 (Physiology) or 20193 (Physiology), but not both, is also an option in fulfilling this requirement.

20191. Cell and Molecular Biology. PQ: CHEM 11300 or 12300, or consent of instructor. The fundamental molecular processes of cells are examined using evidence from biochemical, physiologic, and microscopic analyses. Topics include the logical, spatial, and temporal organization and regulation of metabolism; the formation and function of proteins, RNA, and DNA; generation and function of cellular structures and compartments; regulation of gene expression; the organization and regulation of cell growth and division; and cell-environment and cell-cell interactions. L. Mets, B. Glick, C. Schonbaum. Autumn. L.

20192. Genetics. PQ: BIOS 20191. The goal of this course is to integrate recent developments in molecular genetics and the human genome project into the structure of classical genetics. Topics include Mendelian inheritance, linkage, tetrad analysis, DNA polymorphisms, human genome, chromosome aberrations and their molecular analysis, bacterial and virus genetics, regulatory mechanisms, DNA cloning, mechanisms of mutation and recombination, and transposable elements. G. Webb, C. Schonbaum, Staff. Winter. L.

20193. Organismal Physiology. PQ: BIOS 20191 and 20192. This course is concerned with fundamental physiological functions and their relation to structure. In multicellular organisms the responsibilities for preservation of an appropriate cellular milieu, substrate intake and metabolite excretion, circulation of substrates and metabolites, locomotion, and integration of function are achieved by specializations of cells into organs. The biological principles of organ development, interaction, regulation, and coordination to mediate survival of the organism are examined using models from simple multicellular organisms to humans. D. McGehee, M. Osadjan. Spring. L.

20194. Developmental Biology. PQ: First three quarters of either BIOS 20180s or 20190s. This course covers both the classical experiments that contributed to our understanding of developmental biology and the recent explosion of information about development made possible by a combination of genetic and molecular approaches. Examples from both vertebrate and invertebrate systems are used to illustrate underlying principles of animal development. J. Crispino, R. Ho, C. Schonbaum. Spring. L.

Three-Quarter AP 5 Fundamentals Sequence

(for students with a score of 5 on the AP biology test)

A score of 5 on the AP biology test, together with a sufficiently high score on the biology diagnostic exam, allows students to register for the three-quarter accelerated sequence below. For biological sciences majors, this sequence meets requirements for the major. Upon completion of the three-quarter AP 5 sequence, students will have three credits in the major and they will have met the general education requirement for the biological sciences. Students preparing for the health professions will have met the general education requirement and will have credit for three electives. All students must register for BIOS 20234 (Autumn Quarter) and BIOS 20235 (Winter Quarter). Students register for a third course chosen from the following list: BIOS 20243, 20244, 20249, 20256, 20257, or 20260.

20234. Molecular Biology of the Cell. PQ: AP 5 sequence and a sufficiently high score on the biology diagnostic exam. This course covers the fundamentals of molecular and cellular biology. Topics covered include: protein structure and function; DNA replication, repair and recombination; transcription, translation, and control of gene expression; cellular structure; organelles; cell cycle; cellular communication; cell movement. T. Pan, V. Prince, R. Zaragoza. Autumn. L.

20235. Biological Systems. PQ: BIOS 20234. This course builds upon molecular cell biology foundations to explore how biological systems function. Topics include classical and molecular genetics, developmental signaling networks, genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and biological networks. I. Rebay, T. Pan, R. Zaragoza. Winter. L.

20243. From Neurons to Behavior: The Morphological and Physio-logical Basis of Movement. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course meets requirements for the biological sciences major. This course examines movement systems at multiple levels of design and function integrating neurobiology, muscle morphology and physiology, skeletal mechanics, and the interaction of organisms with the physical environment. These topics are examined through lectures, readings from the primary literature, and labs. Lectures provide basics on each subject and examples of recently published work. Readings complement the lectures and cover current issues in the relevant fields. Labs involve exposure to methodological approaches and work on a class research project combining data collected with several of these techniques and pursuing the ultimate goal of publication. M. Hale. Spring. L.

20244. The BIO 2010 University of Chicago Initiative: Biophysics and Chemical Biology. PQ: First-year standing and a score of 5 on the AP biology test. This interdisciplinary seminar course is designed to prepare students for research at the interface between physical and biological sciences. Papers are drawn from recently published work of colleagues at the University of Chicago, allowing students to meet and interact with authors and to explore examples of approaches drawn from the physical sciences and applied as powerful tools to understand biological systems. Working in groups, the students master and critically review each paper, both in class and in essays. A lab section introduces core laboratories that provide researchers access to key technologies. S. Kron. Spring. L.

20249. Genome Informatics: Genome Organization, Expression, and Transmission. PQ: BIOS 20235. This seminar course examines how genomes are organized for coding sequence expression and transmission to progeny cells. The class discusses a series of key papers in the following areas: bacterial responses to external stimuli and genome damage, control of eukaryotic cell differentiation, complex loci regulating developmental expression in animals, centromere structure and function, position effect variegation, chromatin domains, chromatin remodeling, RNAi, and chromatin formatting. J. Shapiro. Spring.

20256. Developmental Genetics and Evolution. (=EVOL 33700, ORGB 33700) PQ: BIOS 20235. The purpose of this course is to provide a developmental genetic perspective on evolutionary questions that have emerged in various disciplines (e.g., developmental biology, paleontology, phylogenetic systematics). Topics range from the evolution of gene regulation to the origin of novelties (e.g., eyes, wings). These subjects are introduced in lectures, but emphasis is put on reading, presenting, and discussing original research papers. U. Schmidt-Ott. Spring.

20257. Experimental Biophysical Chemistry. PQ: BIOS 20235. This is an introductory, lab-based course directed towards studying binding interactions of macromolecules with metal ions, small molecule ligands, and other macromolecules. The strength of binding interactions of proteins and enzymes are measured using different physical methods to evaluate and compare quantitative limits of precision and accuracy in determining equilibrium binding constants. Emphasis is placed on error analysis. We apply state-of-the-art physical methods, including fluorescence, circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and surface plasmon resonance. The theory underlying physical methods used for experimental observation of macromolecular binding interactions is introduced in lectures. M. Makinen, M. Yousef. Spring. L.

20260. Chordate Evolutionary Biology. Chordate biology emphasizes the diversity and evolution of modern vertebrate life, drawing on a range of sources (from comparative anatomy and embryology to paleontology, biomechanics, and developmental genetics). Much of the work is lab-based, with ample opportunity to gain firsthand experience of the repeated themes of vertebrate bodyplans, as well as some of the extraordinary specializations manifest in living forms. Instructors, who are both actively engaged in vertebrate-centered research, take the course beyond the boundaries of standard textbook content. N. Shubin, M. Coates. Spring. L.

Advanced-Level Courses

There are three types of advanced courses. In courses listed under the heading General Courses, instructors present the general principles and recent developments for broad areas within the biological sciences. Such courses are usually offered on a regular basis, either annually or biennially. In courses listed under the heading Specialized Courses, the focus is on either a topic of particular interest to the instructor or on topics that are examined at a more advanced level than in General Courses. Such courses are offered less regularly, as warranted by student and faculty interest. Unless otherwise stated, most General Courses and Specialized Courses assume mastery of the material covered in the Fundamentals Sequences. Courses listed under the headings Specialized Courses and Independent Study and Research may not be counted toward the courses required for the major with the exception of BIOS 00298.

The following list provides information for students who are planning programs of study. Letters after course titles refer to the subject matter presented in the course: (C) Cell and Molecular, Genetics, or Developmental Biology; (CI) Computer Intensive; (E&E) Ecology and Evolution; (F) Fundamentals Sequence; (MIV) Microbiology, Immunology, or Virology; (N) Neuroscience; (S) Specialized; and (O) Organismal. L indicates courses with laboratory.

Autumn Quarter

20181. Cell and Molecular Biology. L. (F)

20184. Biological Diversity. L. (F)

20191. Cell and Molecular Biology. L. (F)

20200. Introduction to Biochemistry. L. (F)

20234. Molecular Biology of the Cell. L. (F)

21207. Cell Biology. (C)

21209. Molecular Biology. (C)

21227. Advanced Developmental Biology. (C)

21306. Human Genetics and Evolution. (C)

21336. Cell Signaling. (C)

22233. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. L. (O)

22257. Darwinian Medicine. (O)

23248. Primate Behavior and Ecology. (E&E)

23256. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. L. (E&E)

23351. Ecological Applications to Conservation Biology. (E&E)

23403. Systematic Biology. L. (E&E)

24204. Cellular Neurobiology. L. (N)

24208. Vertebrate Neural Systems. (N)

24221. Computational Neuroscience I: Single Neuron Computation. L. (N)

25206. Fundamentals of Bacterial Physiology. (MIV)

25256. Immunobiology. (MIV)

26099. Quantitative Topics in Biology I: Ecology. (CI)

Mathematical Models for Biological Science. (CI)

29283. Neurology and Kant's Theory of Knowledge. (S)

29306. Evolutionary Processes. (S)

29405. Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience I. (N)

Winter Quarter

20182. Genetics. L. (F)

20185. Ecology and Evolution. L. (F)

20192. Genetics. L. (F)

20200. Introduction to Biochemistry. L. (F)

20235. Biological Systems. L. (F)

21208. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology. (C)

21216. Introductory Statistical Genetics. (C)

21229. Genome Informatics: How Cells Reorganize Genomes. (C)

21319. RRP: Ribosomes, RNA, and Protein. (C)

21326. Molecular Biophysics: Theory and Application. (C)

22226. Human Developmental Biology. (O)

22242. Biological Fluid Mechanics. L. (O)

23240. The Diversity and Evolution of Plants. L. (E&E)

23246. The Diversity and Evolution of Plants. (E&E)

23249. Animal Behavior. (E&E)

23289. Marine Ecology. (E&E)

23406. Biogeography. (E&E)

24205. Systems Neuroscience. L. (N)

24211. Neuroethology. L. (N)

24217. Conquest of Pain. (N)

24222. Computational Neuroscience II: Vision. L. (N)

25108. Cancer Biology. (MIV)

25116. Endocrinology I: Systems and Physiology. (MIV)

25210. Laboratory in Bacterial Physiology. L. (MIV)

25216. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Bacterial Pathogenesis. (MIV)

25257. Advanced Immunology. (MIV)

25407. Organ Transplantation. (MIV)

26100. Quantitative Topics in Biology II: Physiology and Biochemistry. L. (CI)

26211. Mathematical Models for Biological Sciences. II (CI)

26400. Introduction to Bioinformatics. L. (CI)

29281. Introduction to Medical Ethics. (S)

29296. Biological and Cultural Evolution. (S)

29406. Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience II. (N)

Spring Quarter

20183. Organismal Physiology. L. (F)

20193. Organismal Physiology. L. (F)

20194. Developmental Biology. L. (F)

20200. Introduction to Biochemistry. L. (F)

20242. Physiology. (AP 5). L. (F)

20243. From Neurons to Behavior. (AP 5) L. (N)

20244. The BIO2010 U of C Initiative: Biophysics and Chemical Biology. (AP 5). L. (F)

20249. Genome Informatics: Genome Organization, Expression, and Transmission. (F)

20256. Developmental Genetics and Evolution. (AP 5) (F)

20257. Experimental Biophysical Chemistry. (AP 5) L. (F)

20260. Chordate Evolutionary Biology. (AP 5) L. (F)

21200. Human Molecular Genetics. L. (C)

21304. Photosynthesis. L. (C)

21317. Topics in Biological Chemistry. (C)

21318. Molecular Biophysics. (C)

21356. Vertebrate Development. (O)

21407. Image Processing In Biology. (C)

22244. Introduction to Invertebrate Biology. L. (O)

22247. Principles of Pharmacology. (N)

22248. Physiology of Vision. (N)

22260. Vertebrate Structure and Function. (O)

23100. Dinosaur Science. (E&E)

23250. Research in Animal Behavior. L. (E&E)

23252. Field Ecology. L. (E&E)

23254. Mammalian Ecology. L. (E&E)

23255. Introductory Paleontology. L. (E&E)

23266. Evolutionary Adaptation. (E&E)

23299. Plant Development and Molecular Genetics. (E&E)

23401. Mutualisms and Symbiosis. L. (E&E)

23407. Plant-Atmosphere Interactions. (E&E)

23408. Modeling and Computer Simulation of Evolution. (E&E)

24203. Introduction to Neuroscience. (N)

24207. Developmental Neurobiology. (O)

24218. Molecular Neurobiology. (N)

24223. Computational Neuroscience III: Language. L. (N)

24214. Cognitive Neuroscience. L. (N)

25109. Topics in Reproductive Biology and Cancer. (MIV)

25117. Endocrinology II: Nutrition and Diseases. (MIV)

25258. Immunopathology. (MIV)

25286. Viruses of Eukaryotes. (MIV)

25307. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Bacteriophage. (MIV)

26212. Mathematical Models for Biological Sciences. III (MIV)

26317. Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Signaling. (C)

26401. Evolutionary Genomics. L. (CI)

26402. Computational Biology. L. (CI)

28406. Systems Biology, Self_Assembly and Complexity.

28500. Biological Physics.

29288. Genetics in an Evolutionary Perspective. (S)

29291. The History of U.S. Public Health. (S)

29298. Current Issues in Medical Economics. (S)

29326. Introduction to Medical Physics and Medical Imaging. (S)

29407. Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience III. (N)

General Courses

Most general and specialized courses that are at the 20000-level and above assume mastery of the material covered in the Fundamentals Sequences. Students who have not yet completed these sequences should consult with the individual instructor and the BSCD senior adviser before registering for the following courses. Students must confirm their registration with their instructors by the second class meeting or their registration may be canceled.

20200. Introduction to Biochemistry. PQ: BIOS 20181-20182 or 20191-20192, and CHEM 22000-22100/23100. This course meets the biochemistry requirement for the biological sciences major. This course examines the chemical nature of cellular components, enzymes, and mechanisms of enzyme activity, energy interconversions, and biosynthetic reactions, including template-dependent processes and some aspects of control mechanisms. P. Strieleman, M. Makinen, Autumn; P. Strieleman, H. Friedmann, Winter, Spring; P. Strieleman, Summer. L.

21200. Human Molecular Genetics. PQ: Completion of BIOS 20180s or 20190s. This course considers the different types of variation in the human genome and the tools that are used to characterize human genetic variation at the individual and population levels. We further explore how this variability is utilized to: (1) understand the molecular pathology of human disease, (2) aid in the diagnosis of human disease, (3) reconstruct human evolutionary origins and population history, and (4) unravel the evolutionary history of human genes and gene families. Throughout the course, we consider the social and ethical implications of human genetic research and medical applications. C. Ober, A. Di Rienzo. Winter. L.

21207. Cell Biology. PQ: BIOS 20200 or equivalent, third or fourth year standing. This course covers fundamental concepts in gene expression, RNA processing, ribosomes and protein synthesis, chaperone function, protein trafficking in the cell to different organelles, movement through the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi vesicles, mitochondrial and chloroplast biogenesis, signaling pathways from the cell surface to the nucleus, cytoskeleton structures, and cell-cell interactions. Experimental approaches to understanding problems in cell biology are emphasized. R. Haselkorn. Autumn.

21208. Fundamentals of Molecular Biology. (=BCMB 31000, GENE 31000, MGCB 31000) PQ: Basic knowledge of genetics and biochemistry. Third- or fourth-year standing. This course covers structure of genetic material, replication, recombination, transcription and its regulation, and post-transcriptional regulation, chromatin and DNA repair (both after transcription), and protein synthesis. U. Storb, J. Staley. Winter.

21209. Molecular Biology. PQ: BIOS 20200. This class focuses on current concepts in gene regulation at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Topics include regulation of transcription initiation and elongation, pre-mRNA splicing and processing, RNA export, mRNA turnover, translational controls, protein degradation, and protein modification. Emphasis is placed on eukaryotic examples, but prokaryotic models are discussed where appropriate. H. Singh, S. Kron. Autumn.

21216. Introductory Statistical Genetics. PQ: BIOS 21200, college-level statistics course, and consent of instructor. Our goal is that class members gain an understanding of genetic models for complex human disorders and quantitative traits. Students also learn how to conduct parametric and non-parametric linkage analyses, as well as linkage disequilibrium mapping using transmission/disequilibruim tests (TDT) and decay of haplotype sharing (DHS). N. Cox. Winter.

21227. Advanced Developmental Biology. (=DVBI 35400, MGCB 35400) PQ: BIOS 20182 or 20192. This course is an overview of the field of developmental biology, emphasizing the origins of classical concepts in the field as well as the modern molecular and genetic approaches to the study of developmental processes. Underlying mechanisms are illuminated through discussion of key experiments. Examples are drawn from the literature on invertebrate and vertebrate embryology. Subjects include induction, embryonic pattern formation, cell and tissue interactions, and the control of gene expression in development. E. Ferguson, D. Preuss. Autumn.

21229. Genome Informatics: How Cells Reorganize Genomes. PQ: BIOS 20182 or 20192. This course deals with the molecular and cellular basis of genetic change. We discuss DNA repair functions, mutator loci, induced mutation, mechanisms of homologous recombination and gene conversion, site-specific recombination, transposable elements and DNA rearrangements, reverse transcription and retrotransposons, transposable vector systems for making transgenic organisms, and genetic engineering of DNA sequences in antibody formation. Discussion section required. J. Shapiro. Winter.

21304. Photosynthesis. PQ: BIOS 20200 and 20180s, or 20190s. Fundamental photosynthetic processes occur on time domains of femtoseconds, minutes, seasons, centuries, and eons. Critical photosynthetic events occur on molecular, sub-cellular, cellular, organismal, ecosystem, and global scales. This course considers photosynthesis as an integrated whole over both its temporal and spatial domains. Chemical, biophysical, biochemical, genetic, developmental, physiologic, ecological, and evolutionary methods are employed to analyze the net processes and detailed mechanisms of photosynthesis. L. Mets. Spring. L.

21306. Human Genetics and Evolution. PQ: BIOS 20180s or 20190s, or consent of instructor. Open only to students with advanced standing who are majoring in the biological sciences or preparing for the medical professions. This course deals with issues in genetics of variations within, as well as between, modern human populations. Normal genetic variations and the genetic basis of human diseases are explored with an emphasis at the molecular level. We stress understanding the fundamental concepts of genetics and evolution using mainly, but not exclusively, human studies as examples. Genome organization, genetic mapping, population genetic theories, and molecular evolution of humans are covered. C.-I. Wu, R. Hudson. Autumn.

21317. Topics in Biological Chemistry. PQ: BIOS 20200. Required of biological chemistry majors. This course examines a variety of biological problems from a chemical and structural perspective. Topics include macromolecular structure-function relationships, DNA and protein synthesis and repair, RNA folding and catalysis, molecular motors, nitrogen fixation; photosynthesis; and mechanisms of signal transduction. Computer graphics exercises complement the lecture topics. P. Rice, Staff. Spring.

21318. Molecular Biophysics. (=BCMB 32400) PQ: CHEM 22000-22100/23100 and college-level physics, or consent of instructor. This is an introductory course emphasizing concepts of physical chemistry important in the interactions of biological macromolecules, with emphasis on structure, dynamics, and kinetics. This course focuses on basic aspects of secondary and tertiary structure, the origin and basis of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, dynamical properties of proteins, and the structural basis of enzyme action. Problem sets, including use of molecular graphics workstations, are coordinated with lectures. M. W. Makinen, W. Hoff. Spring.

21319. RRP: Ribosomes, RNA, and Protein. PQ: General chemistry, organic chemistry, and BIOS 20200. This course is devoted to RNA biochemistry and molecular biology and to RNA-protein interactions with special emphasis on ribosome structure and protein biosynthesis. Topics include the biochemistry of protein synthesis (i.e., the translation reactions such as initiation, elongation, and termination); tRNA structure and identity elements; rRNA (i.e., structure, processing, regulation of synthesis, function, and evolution); ribosomal proteins (i.e., structure, function, gene organization, regulation of synthesis); ribosome assembly; ribosome structure from immuno-electron microscopy, neutron scattering, and X-ray defraction; RNA (i.e., protein interactions including tRNA-aminoacyl-tRNA syntase, rRNA-ribosomal proteins, and other examples); and, finally, regulation and translation. I. Wool. Spring.

21326. Molecular Biophysics: Theory and Application. (=BCMB 32200) PQ: General chemistry, organic chemistry, and BIOS 20200. Third- or fourth-year standing, or consent of instructor. This course exposes students to modern biophysical methods and provide background for use of existing facilities at the University of Chicago. Topics include the measurement of physical properties of biological molecules (e.g., structure, thermodynamics, kinetics). We focus on practical aspects but also cover a sufficient amount of theoretical background to develop the proper understanding of the technique. T. Sosnick. Spring.

21336. Cell Signaling. (=CPHY 33600, NPHP 33600) PQ: BIOS 20200. The subject matter of this course considers the wide variety of intracellular mechanisms that, when activated, change cell behavior. We cover both general and specific aspects of intracellular signaling, the latter including detailed discussions of receptors, G-proteins, cyclic nucleotides, calcium and calcium-binding proteins, phosphoinositides, protein kinases, and phosphatases. C. Palfrey. Autumn.

21356. Vertebrate Development. (=DVBI 35600) PQ: BIOS 20194 or 20234, and 20235. This advanced-level course combines lectures, student presentations, and discussion sessions. It covers major topics on the developmental biology of embryos (e.g., formation of the germ line, gastrulation, segmentation, nervous system development, limb patterning, organogenesis). We make extensive use of the primary literature and emphasize experimental approaches (e.g., classical embryology, genetics, molecular genetics). K. Millen, V. Prince. Spring.

21407. Image Processing in Biology. (=MGCB 34300) PQ: One year of calculus. Whether one is trying to read radio signals from far-away galaxies or to understand molecular structures, it is necessary to understand how to read, interpret, and process the data that contain the desired information. In this course, we learn how to process the information contained in images of molecules as seen in the electron microscope. We also deal with the principles involved in processing electron microscope images, including the underlying analytical methods and their computer implementation. R. Josephs. Spring.

22226. Human Developmental Biology. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. Prior chemistry and organismal biology courses. This course examines the physiologic, cellular, and biochemical functions of a series of organs and systems in their transition from fetal to newborn life in the human, and the implications of these changes for successful adaptation to independent life. Examples of failures of adaptation and disease states are presented and discussed. The organs and systems covered are brain, lung, heart, liver, immune system, blood-forming system, intestine, endocrine organs, and kidney. M. Schreiber. Winter.

22233. Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy. PQ: Fundamentals or AP 5 sequence. This course covers the structure and function of major anatomical systems of vertebrates. Lectures focus on vertebrate diversity, biomechanics, and behavior (from swimming and feeding to running, flying, seeing, and hearing). Labs involve detailed dissection of animals (muscles, organs, brains) and a focus on skull bones in a broad comparative context from fishes to frogs, turtles, alligators, mammals, birds, and humans. Field trip to Field Museum and visit to medical school lab for human dissection required. M. Westneat. Autumn. L.

22242. Biological Fluid Mechanics. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. Prior physics course required; prior chemistry and calculus courses recommended. This course introduces fluid mechanics and the interactions between biology and the physics of fluid flow (both air and water). Topics range from the fluid mechanics of blood flow to the physics (and biology) of flight in birds and insects. M. LaBarbera. Winter. L. Not offered 2005-06; will be offered 2006-07.

22243. Biomechanics of Organisms. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. Prior chemistry, physics, and calculus courses recommended. This course examines how organisms cope with their physical environment, covering the properties of biological materials, mechanical analysis of morphology, and principles of design optimization. We emphasize support systems of organisms but also examine aspects of cardiovascular design. Mechanical properties of biomaterials are analyzed in relation to their underlying biochemical organization and biophysical properties, with mathematical treatment at an introductory level. The lab research project is optional. M. LaBarbera. Winter, 2009. L.

22244. Introduction to Invertebrate Biology. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences or consent of instructor. This is a survey of the diversity, structure, and evolution of the invertebrate phyla, with emphasis on the major living and fossil invertebrate groups. Structure-function relationships and the influence of body plans on the evolutionary history of the invertebrate phyla are stressed. M. LaBarbera. Spring. L.

22247. Principles of Pharmacology. PQ: BIOS 20200. This course considers the physiological and biochemical bases of drug actions, common pharmacological methods, and a small set of specific drugs and their targets. D. Hanck. Spring.

22248. Physiology of Vision. (=PSYC 25000/35000) PQ: Prior physics and calculus courses, and one of the following: BIOS 24236 or 24204, or PSYC 28000. This advanced course on primate visual physiology covers in detail cortical systems for object recognition, visual motion perception, depth perception, and heading (self-motion) perception. We also discuss basic components of visual computation, including frequency analysis, computational mapping, gain normalization, and population coding. D. Bradley. Spring.

22257. Darwinian Medicine. (=HIPS 25900) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. This course discusses human health and disease in an evolutionary perspective and emphasizes how principles from evolutionary biology, ecology, and genetics can increase our understanding of the physiological mechanisms and populational processes that affect the maintenance of health and origin of disease. Topics include host-parasite interactions; the evolution of virulence and of host defenses; the ecology of emerging diseases, including AIDS; the cultural and social contexts of disease; and epigenetic mechanisms in health and disease. R. Perlman. Autumn.

22260. Vertebrate Structure and Function. PQ: BIOS 22233 or consent of instructor. This course is devoted to vertebrate bones, muscles, and some of the remarkable functions they perform. The first part takes a close comparative look at the vertebrate skeleton via development and evolution, from lamprey to human. The major functional changes are examined as vertebrates adapted to life in the water, on land, and in the air. The second part takes a close look at muscles and how they work in specific situations, including gape-feeding, swimming, leaping, digging, flying, and walking on two legs. Dissection of preserved vertebrate specimens required. P. Sereno. Spring. L.

23100. Dinosaur Science. PQ: Consent of instructor and a prior course in general science, preferably geology or biology. This introductory-level (but intensive) class includes a ten-day expedition to South Dakota and Wyoming (departing just after graduation). We study basic geology (e.g., rocks and minerals, stratigraphy, Earth history, mapping skills) and basic evolutionary biology (e.g., vertebrate and especially skeletal anatomy, systematics and large-scale evolutionary patterns). This course provides the knowledge needed to discover and understand the meaning of fossils as they are preserved in the field, which is applied to actual paleontological sites. Participants fly from Chicago to Rapid City, and then travel by van to field sites. There they camp, prospect for, and excavate fossils from the Cretaceous and Jurassic Periods. Field trip required. P. Sereno. Spring. L.

23230. Ecology and Evolution in the Southwest. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences, BIOS 20185, or consent of instructor. This lecture/laboratory course focuses on the ecological communities of the Southwest, primarily on the four subdivisions of the North American Desert, the Chihuahuan, Sonoran, Mohave, and Great Basin Deserts. Lecture topics include climate change and the impact on the flora and fauna of the region; adaptations to arid landscapes; evolutionary, ecological, and conservation issues in the arid Southwest, especially relating to isolated mountain ranges; human impacts on the biota, land, and water; and how geological and climatic forces shape deserts. E. Larsen. Spring.. L.

23231. Ecology and Evolution in the Southwest: Field School. PQ: Concurrent enrollment in BIOS 23230. This lab course is a two-week field trip at end of Spring Quarter, specific dates to be announced. Our goal is to prepare proposals for field projects in the field portion of the course. Field projects are conducted at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in Arizona where we will compare patterns of plant and animal distribution along an elevation gradient in these two deserts. We then take a driving tour of the Mohave and Great Basin before returning to Chicago. Field conditions are rugged. Travel is by twelve-passenger van. Lodging during most of the course is tent camping on developed campsites. E. Larsen. Spring. L.

23240. The Diversity and Evolution of Plants. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. The lectures address the diversity in morphology, anatomy, reproduction, and evolutionary trends, beginning with cyanobacteria and progressing to flowering plants. The unifying aspects of cell structure and function are emphasized, along with the basic physiological and molecular mechanisms in plants. The lab is correlated with the lectures to examine representatives of the major taxonomic plant groups and basic physiological techniques. This course is identical to BIOS 23246 except that it has a lab. M. Ruddat. Winter. L.

23241. Primate Evolution. This course is the first of three in the Primate Biology and Human Evolution sequence (see also BIOS 23248 and 23253). This course introduces the evolution of nonhuman primates and humans, with emphasis on taxonomic classification, the use of fossil and genetic evidence for phylogenetic reconstructions, the evolution of primate morphological and physiological characteristics (e.g., body and brain size, skull and skeleton, sense organs, and dietary and reproductive adaptations), the adaptive radiation of Prosimians, New World Monkeys, Old World Monkeys, and apes into their current areas of geographic distribution, and an overview of the hominid fossil record. R. Martin. Spring 2006.

23246. The Diversity and Evolution of Plants. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. This course is identical to BIOS 23240 except that it does not have a lab. M. Ruddat. Winter.

23248. Primate Behavior and Ecology. (=EVOL 37300, HUDV 21800) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. This course is the second of three in the Primate Biology and Human Evolution sequence (see also BIOS 23241 and BIOS 23253). D. Maestripieri. Autumn.

23249. Animal Behavior. (=HUDV 23249, PSYC 23249) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. This course introduces the mechanism, ecology, and evolution of behavior, primarily in nonhuman species, at the individual and group level. Topics include the genetic basis of behavior, developmental pathways, communication, physiology and behavior, foraging behavior, kin selection, mating systems and sexual selection, and the ecological and social context of behavior. A major emphasis is placed on understanding and evaluating scientific studies and their field and lab techniques. S. Pruett-Jones (even years), J. Mateo (odd years). Winter.

23250. Research in Animal Behavior. (=EVOL 33200) PQ: BIOS 23249 or consent of instructor. Students develop and collect data on an independent research project of their choosing. Training in the methods of behavioral research precedes the initiation of the research projects. Discussion with the instructor and TA facilitates progress. After analyzing and interpreting data, students present their findings in writing and orally or in poster form. All behavioral observations are conducted at the Lincoln Park Zoo. S. Margulis. Spring.

23252. Field Ecology. PQ: Consent of instructor. Open only to students planning to pursue graduate research. This course introduces habitats and biomes in North America and the methods of organizing and carrying out field research projects in ecology and behavior, focusing on questions of evolutionary significance. This course consists of a two-week field trip to southern Florida during the Winter/Spring Quarter break. The field trip consists of informal lectures and discussions, individual study, and group research projects. During Spring Quarter there are lectures on the ecology of the areas visited and on techniques and methods of field research. S. Pruett-Jones. Spring. L. Not offered 2005-06; will be offered 2006-07.

23253. Apes and Human Evolution. (=ANTH 28600/38600, EVOL 38600, HIPS 23700) BIOS 23241 recommended. This course is a critical examination of the ways in which data on the behavior, morphology, and genetics of apes have been used to elucidate human evolution. We emphasize bipedalism, hunting, meat-eating, tool behavior, food sharing, cognitive ability, language, self-awareness, and sociability. Visits to local zoos, films, and demonstrations with casts of fossils and skeletons required. R. Tuttle. Not offered 2005-06; will be offered 2006-07.

23254. Mammalian Ecology. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences and third-year standing; or BIOS 20184 or 20185. This course introduces the diversity and classification of mammals and their ecological relationships. Lectures cover natural history, evolution, and functional morphology of major taxonomic groups. Lab sessions focus on skeletal morphology, identifying traits of major taxonomic groups, and methods of conducting research in the field. Participation in field trips, occasionally on Saturday, is required. E. Larsen. Spring. L.

23255. Introductory Paleontology. (=EVOL 32300, GEOS 22300) PQ: GEOS 13100-13200, or PHSC 10900/11000, or completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences, or consent of instructor. Our focus is on the nature of the fossil record, the information it provides on patterns and processes of evolution through geologic time, and how it can be used to solve geological and biological problems. Lectures cover the principles of paleontology (e.g., fossilization, classification, morphologic analysis and interpretation, biostratigraphy, paleoecology, macroevolution); labs are systematic, introducing major groups of fossil invertebrates. M. Foote. Spring. L.

23256. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. PQ: Prior calculus course or consent of instructor. This course covers evolutionary forces governing molecular variation and divergence and genome organization. It explores the evolutionary assembly of genes, the origin of novel gene function, the population genetics of repetitive DNA variation, and the evolution of multigene families. We also provide practical information on accessing genome databases, searching for homologous sequences, aligning DNA and protein sequences, calculating sequence divergence, producing sequence phylogenies, and estimating evolutionary parameters. M. Kreitman, T. Nagylaki. Autumn. L.

23261. Invertebrate Paleobiology and Evolution. (=EVOL 32400, GEOS 22400/32400) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. For course description, see Geophysical Sciences. M. Webster. Autumn. L.

23266. Evolutionary Adaptation. PQ: BIOS 20184 or 20185, or completion of the AP 5 sequence. This course deals with the adaptation of organisms to their environments and focuses on methods for studying adaptation. Topics include definitions and examples of adaptation, the notion of optimization, adaptive radiations, and the comparative method in evolutionary biology. C. Andrews. Spring.

23280. The Science Behind Genetically Modified Organisms. PQ: BIOS 20185. The focus of this lecture/discussion course is the production of genetically modified organisms. We begin by understanding what genetic manipulation entails and how genetic manipulation can enhance agriculture and medicine. We then critically evaluate the scientific basis of health and environmental concerns. Readings from the primary literature and government reports are supplemented with background information on genetic technologies. J. Bergelson. Winter.

23289. Marine Ecology. (=ENST 23289) PQ: Prior introductory course in ecology or consent of instructor. This course provides an introduction into the physical, chemical, and biological forces controlling the function of marine ecosystems and how marine communities are organized. The structures of various types of marine ecosystems are described and contrasted, and the lectures highlight aspects of marine ecology relevant to applied issues such as conservation and harvesting. T. Wootton. Winter.

23299. Plant Development and Molecular Genetics. (=DVBI 36100, ECEV 32900, MGCB 36100) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. This course describes the growth, differentiation, and development of plants at the organismal, cellular, and molecular levels. Emphasis is placed on the regulatory function of plant hormones, particularly in response to environmental stimuli and in control of gene expression. Recent advances using molecular genetic approaches in Arabidopsis and maize are a central feature of this course. M. Ruddat, J. Greenberg. Spring.

23351. Ecological Applications to Conservation Biology. (=ENST 25100, ECOL 31300) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences and consent of instructor. We focus on the contribution of ecological theory to the understanding of current issues in conservation biology. We emphasize quantitative methods and their use for applied problems in ecology (e.g., design of natural reserves, risk of extinction, impact of harvesting, dynamics of species invasions, role of species interaction). Course material is drawn mostly from the current primary literature. Two Saturday field trips and computer modeling labs are in addition to scheduled class time. J. Bergelson, C. Pfister. Autumn 2006. L.

23401. Mutualisms and Symbiosis. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences or consent of instructor. Fungi, bacteria, and other microbes are often intimately associated with plants and animals in diverse mutualistic and other symbiotic relationships. This course focuses on the importance and intricacies of these associations. A survey of the variety of mutualisms with animals and plants is presented. Plant/fungus mutualisms highlighted include mycorrhizae, endophytes, and lichens. Morphological, physiological, and ecological aspects of these associations are treated. G. Mueller. Spring. L.

23403. Systematic Biology. (=EVOL 35400) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. This course carefully explores the concepts of homology, relationships, species, and higher taxa. We also cover modern methods of phylogeny reconstruction including morphological and molecular approaches. We consider the central role of systematic biology in the biological sciences and its connection to the fossil record, ontogeny, biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation. M. Kearney. Autumn. L.

23406. Biogeography. (=ENST 25500, EVOL 45500, GEOG 25500/35500) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences or consent of instructor. This course examines factors governing the distribution and abundance of animals and plants. Topics include patterns and processes in historical biogeography, island biogeography, geographical ecology, areography, and conservation biology (e.g., design and effectiveness of nature reserves). B. Patterson (odd years, lab); L. Heaney (even years, discussion). Winter.

23407. Plant-Atmosphere Interactions. PQ: Completion of a Fundamentals Sequence (BIOS 20180s or 20190s). This course explores examples of plant-atmosphere and plant-climate interactions in the geological past, in the more recent past of Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles, and from experimental studies of the present day. We provide a framework for understanding the nature and scale of evolution, adaptation, and ecophysiological responses of plants to their atmospheric and climatic environment. J. McElwain. Spring. Not offered 2005-06; will be offered 2006-07.

23408. Modeling and Computer Simulation of Evolution. (=HGEN 47200) PQ: Basic computer programming skills, or willingness to learn some programming is recommended. This class introduces the creation of theoretical models to describe and predict biological processes. Students learn how to implement these models on a computer and how to explore the properties of the models by computer simulation. The class draws from examples in evolutionary biology that describe the evolution of organisms within and between species. We may also consider models from ecology or infectious disease epidemiology. R. Hudson, J. Pritchard. Spring.

24203. Introduction to Neuroscience. PQ: Completion of a Fundamentals Sequence (BIOS 20180s or 20190s, or AP 5 sequence). This course is required for the neuroscience specialization. This course is designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to the structure and function of the mammalian brain. P. Lloyd, M. Sherman, E. Grove. Spring.

24204. Cellular Neurobiology. (=PSYC 31100) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. This course meets one of the requirements of the neuroscience specialization. This course is identical to BIOS 24236 except that it has a lab, which focuses on electrophysiological techniques used in analysis of issues fundamental to neural processing at the cellular level. These include monitoring membrane potential, carrying out voltage clamp of native and cloned ion channels, and investigating the control of synaptic transmission. D. Hanck, P. Lloyd. Autumn. L.

24205. Systems Neuroscience. (=PSYC 24000/31200) PQ: BIOS 24204 or 24236, or consent of instructor. This course meets one of the requirements of the neuroscience specialization. Students are introduced to vertebrate and invertebrate systems neuroscience with a focus on the anatomy, physiology, and development of sensory and motor control systems. The neural bases of form and motion perception, locomotion, memory and other forms of neural plasticity are examined in detail. We also discuss clinical aspects of neurological disorders. Labs are devoted to mammalian neuroanatomy and electrophysiological recordings from neural circuits in model systems. J. Ramirez, R. McCrea, M. Osadjan. Winter. L.

24207. Developmental Neurobiology. PQ: BIOS 24204 and 24205, and consent of instructor. This course examines the development of the vertebrate nervous system. We trace the development of the brain from the first induction of neural tissue in the embryo to the refinement of synaptic connections late in development by emerging brain activity. We discuss the new synthesis of classical experimental embryology and modern techniques of molecular biology that have led to several recent breakthroughs in our understanding of neural development. E. Grove, Y. Zou, N. Issa. Winter.

24208. Vertebrate Neural Systems. (=NURB 31600) PQ: Consent of instructor. This lab-centered course teaches students the fundamental principles of vertebrate nervous system organization. Students learn the major structures and the basic circuitry of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Early sensory processing and the motor system are presented in particular depth. A highlight of this course is that students become practiced at recognizing the nuclear organization and cellular architecture of the rodent, cat, and primate brain. C. Ragsdale. Autumn. L.

24211. Neuroethology. (=PSYC 31500) PQ: BIOS 24204 or consent of instructor. Prior or concurrent registration in PHYS 14200. Prior knowledge of basic cellular mechanisms of neurons and basic anatomy of the vertebrate central nervous system. The design of this course considers the needs of advanced students who plan to pursue graduate work, particularly in neurobiology or experimental psychology. It covers topics in systems, computational, and behavioral neuroscience. There is a heavy emphasis on original literature, and oral and written scientific presentations. Labs include exposure to instrumentation and electronics, and involve work with live animals. Labs meet once a week and may require time beyond the posted schedule. D. Margoliash. Winter. L.

24214. Cognitive Neuroscience. (=CPNS 30200, PSYC 34214) PQ: One year of college-level calculus and prior course in systems neuroscience. This course meets one of the requirements of the neuroscience specialization. This course is concerned with the relationship of the nervous system to higher order behaviors (e.g., perception, action, attention, learning, memory). Modern methods of imaging neural activity are introduced. Mathematical and statistical methods including dynamical systems theory, information theory, and pattern recognition for studying neural encoding in individual neurons and populations of neurons are discussed. N. Hatsopoulos. Spring. L.

24217. Conquest of Pain. PQ: CHEM 22000-22100-22200 or BIOS 20200 required; prior course in neurobiology or physiology recommended. This course examines the biology of pain and the mechanisms by which anesthetics alter the perception of pain. The approach is to examine the anatomy of pain pathways both centrally and peripherally, and to define electrophysiological, biophysical, and biochemical explanations underlying the action of general and local anesthetics. We discuss the role of opiates and enkephalins. Central theories of anesthesia, including the relevance of sleep proteins, are also examined. J. Moss. Winter.

24218. Molecular Neurobiology. PQ: BIOS 20200 and 24236 or 24204, or consent of instructor. This is a lecture/seminar course that explores the application of modern cellular and molecular techniques to clarify basic questions in neurobiology. Topics include mechanisms of synaptic transmission, protein trafficking, exo- and endo-cytosis, and development and mechanisms of neurological diseases. S. Sisodia. Spring.

24221. Computational Neuroscience I: Single Neuron Computation. PQ: Prior college-level course in calculus required; some background in neurobiology and concurrent registration in BIOS 29405 recommended. This course briefly reviews the historical development of computational neuroscience and discusses the functional properties of individual neurons. The electrotonic structure of neurons, functional properties of synapses, and voltage-gated ion channels are discussed. P. Ulinski, Staff. Autumn. L.

24222. Computational Neuroscience II: Vision. PQ: BIOS 24221 required; concurrent registration in BIOS 29406 recommended. This course considers computational approaches to vision. It discusses the basic anatomy and physiology of the retina and central visual pathways emphasizing computational approaches to vision based on control theory, linear and nonlinear systems theory, and information theory. P. Ulinski, Staff. Winter. L.

24223. Computational Neuroscience III: Language. (=PSYC 34400) PQ: Consent of instructor. This course discusses computational approaches to human language. It examines the learning, production, and comprehension of language, through neural network modeling of human linguistic behavior and through brain imaging. T. Regier, Staff. Spring. L.

25108. Cancer Biology. PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. This course covers the fundamentals of cancer biology but focuses on the story of how scientists identified the genes that cause cancer. Emphasis is on "doing" science rather than "done" science: how do scientists think, how do they design experiments, where do these ideas come from, what can go wrong, and what it is like when things go right. M. Rosner, P. Nash, K. MacLeod. Winter.

25109. Topics in Reproduction and Cancer. PQ: BIOS 20180s or 20190s, or consent of instructor. This course focuses on several aspects of the molecular and cellular biology of human reproduction. We also discuss the basis of chemical/viral carcinogenesis and the progression, treatment, and prevention of cancer. The role of steroid hormones and their receptors in the control of growth, development, and specialized cell function is discussed in the context of normal and abnormal gene expression in human development and disease. Key historical events, research approaches, utilization of knowledge, recent advances in drug design and herbal medicines, and philosophies of scientific research are also covered. G. Greene, S. Liao. Spring.

25116. Endocrinology I: Systems and Physiology. PQ: Completion of a Fundamentals Sequence (BIOS 20180s or 20190s, or AP 5 sequence). Endocrinology is the study of chemical messengers, hormones, released by tissues that regulate the activity of other cells in the body. This course covers the classical hormone systems, including hormones regulating metabolism, energy mobilization and storage, calcium and phosphate metabolism, reproduction, growth, "fight or flight," and circadian rhythms. We focus on historical perspective, the mechanisms of action, homeostatic regulation, and relevant human diseases for each system. A. Wolfe, M. Brady. Winter.

25117. Endocrinology II: Nutrition and Diseases. Completion of a Fundamentals Sequence (BIOS 20180s or 20190s, or AP 5 sequence) and BIOS 25116 recommended. This course offers a modern overview of the patho-physiologic, genetic, and molecular basis of human diseases with nutritional perspectives. Topics include human diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, and alopecia. Y. C. Li, M. Musch. Spring.

25206. Fundamentals of Bacterial Physiology. (=MICR 30600) This course meets one of the requirements of the microbiology specialization. This course introduces bacterial diversity, physiology, ultra-structure, envelope assembly, metabolism, and genetics. In the discussion section, students discuss recent original experimental work in the field of bacterial physiology. D. Missiakas. Autumn.

25210. Experimental Physiology of Bacteria. (=MICR 31000) This course meets one of the requirements of the microbiology specialization. This course teaches students experimental techniques in bacteriology and molecular genetic analysis of bacteria and phage. Students work at the lab bench under supervision of the instructor and assistants to learn experimental techniques and fundamentals of bacterial physiology. T. Christianson. Winter. L.

25216. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Bacterial Pathogenesis. (=MICR 31600) This course meets one of the requirements of the microbiology specialization. This lecture/discussion course involves a comprehensive analysis of bacterial pathogens, the diseases that they cause, and the molecular mechanisms involved during pathogenesis. Students discuss recent original experimental work in the field of bacterial pathogenesis. D. Missiakas, Staff. Winter.

25256. Immunobiology. PQ: BIOS 20180s or 20190s, and consent of instructor. This course presents an integrated coverage of the tactics and logistics of immune phenomena and conveys the elegance of the biological solutions evolved by multicellular organisms in their fights against infectious agents. Immune phenomena are presented as unique evolutionary adaptations of vertebrates operating in the context of ancillary defense mechanisms. The various types of countermeasures evolved by pathogens are also discussed, with particular emphasis on HIV and discussions on AIDS. J. Quintans. Autumn.

25257. Advanced Immunology. PQ: BIOS 25256. This is a seminar-based course that examines current questions in immunology. Primary research papers describing landmark discoveries are discussed thoroughly with a special focus on experimental data and concepts. There are typically five selected topics (e.g., lymphocyte development, immunological memory, immune tolerance, innate immunity, lymphocyte homeostasis, T cell fate decisions). Emphasis is placed on a critical understanding of the literature and the development of hypotheses to explain current issues in immunology. P. Ashton-Rickardt, B. Jabri. Winter.

25258. Immunopathology. (=IMMU 30010, PATH 30010) PQ: BIOS 25257. This course explores the immunological basis of diseases. Five examples of diseases are selected each year among the following categories: autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, infection immunity, immunodeficiencies and gene therapy, and transplantation and tumor immunology. Each disease is studied in depth with general lectures that include, where applicable, histological analysis of diseased tissue samples and discussions of primary research papers on experimental disease models. Special emphasis is placed on understanding immunopathology within the framework of general immunological concepts and on experimental approaches to the study of immunopathological models. B. Jabri, P. Ashton-Rickardt. Spring.

25259. Fundamental Issues in Immunology. PQ: BIOS 25258. This course is based on the study of fundamental areas of immunology, using exclusively the primary literature. Topics, which rotate yearly over a five-year cycle, may include immunological tolerance, immunological memory, regulation of the class of immune responses, innate and adaptive immune recognition, and lymphocyte development (hemopoiesis excluded). Our aim is to grasp the conceptual and technological milestones in a historical perspective, from some old classics up to recently published work. We emphasize the detailed analysis and discussion of experimental data and concepts. A. Bendelac. Autumn.

25286. Viruses of Eukaryotes. (=GENE 34600, MGCB 34600, VIRO 34600) PQ: Consent of instructor. This course meets one of the requirements of the microbiology specialization. This course is concerned with various aspects of the molecular biology of viruses of animal cells, including viruses that afflict man. Special emphasis is given to recent developments in the field related to viral nucleic acid replication, controls of viral gene expression, use of viruses as cloning vectors to amplify specific cellular genes, and the contribution of virus research to our understanding of mechanisms underlying eukaryotic gene expression. B. Roizman. Spring.

25307. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Bacteriophage. PQ: BIOS 20200. This course meets one of the requirements of the microbiology special-ization. Phage are the most abundant and fastest growing biological entities, and they are involved in many natural microbiological processes. This course examines a series of bacteriophage that have been instrumental in our understanding of genetics and molecular biology, with an emphasis on their properties and the methods for which they are used in current and potential biological studies and in biotechnology. M. Casadaban. Spring.

25407. Organ Transplantation. PQ: BIOS 25256. This course presents biological, technical, ethical, and economic issues associated with organ transplantation. We sharply focus the immunologic knowledge from BIOS 25256 onto the biologic barriers to organ acceptance and the ultimate goal of immunologic tolerance. We also address principles of organ preservation and the mechanisms of ischemia/reperfusion injury. The technical aspects and physiology of organ transplantation (i.e., kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, islet, intestinal) are covered. The social, economic, and ethical issues raised in transplantation (i.e., allografts, xenografts, living donation) are also discussed. A. Chong, J. Williams, M. Millis, R. Thistlethwaite, D. Cronin, M. Garfinkel, R. Harland, V. Jeevanandum. Winter. Not offered 2005-06; will be offered 2006-07.

25409. Immuno-logic: A Systems Approach. Prior knowledge of computer programming not required. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. This course begins with information about immunology and continues with research on current issues in immunology. Experiments are carried out "in silico" using IMMSIM (an immune system simulation developed at IBM's research labs). Lectures introduce and provide background to issues such as the nature and the development of autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, diabetes), the development of optimal organ transplantation strategies, the development of vaccines for viruses (e.g., the immune response to flu), and the significance and planning of HIV drug holidays. Students with special interests have the opportunity to develop their own projects. M. Weigert. Spring.

26210-26211-26212. Mathematical Methods for Biological Sciences I, II, III. PQ: MATH 15300 or equivalent. This sequence is intended for students interested in quantitative approaches to biology. It provides a basic foundation in applied mathematics that serves as basis for upper level biology courses that take quantitative approaches.

26210. Mathematical Methods for Biological Sciences I. PQ: MATH 15300 or equivalent. This course covers linear algebra, ordinary differential equations, numerical solutions to ordinary differential equations, and an introduction to dynamical systems theory. Examples from biology are used throughout the sequence. The lab component introduces computational approaches and visualization methods. T. Baker. Autumn. L.

26211. Mathematical Methods for Biological Sciences II. PQ: BIOS 26210. This course covers partial differential equations, vector spaces, Fourier and Laplace transforms, and Fourier analysis. Examples from biology are used throughout the sequence. The lab component introduces computational approaches and visualization methods. T. Baker. Winter. L.

26212. Mathematical Methods for Biological Sciences III. PQ: BIOS 26211. This course covers basic mathematical probability, probability distributions, correlation, principal and independent component analysis, and stochastic processes. Examples from biology are used throughout the sequence. The lab component introduces computational approaches and visualization methods. T. Baker. Spring. L.

26317. Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Signaling. (=CPHY 31900, NURB 31900) PQ: BIOS 20181-20183 or 20191-20193, and 20200. Cells in the body communicate with each other by a variety of extracellular signals (e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters) and processes such as vision and olfaction, as well as diseases such as cancer, all involve aspects of such signaling processes. The subject matter of this course considers molecular mechanism of the wide variety of intracellular mechanisms that, when activated, change cell behavior. Both general and specific aspects of intracellular signaling are covered, with an emphasis on the structural basis of cell signaling. W.-J. Tang. Spring.

26400. Introduction to Bioinformatics. PQ: BIOS 20182 or 20192, or MATH 15100, or consent of instructor. This course introduces the concepts, purposes, tools, skills, and resources of bioinformatics. It includes a description of GenBank and other sequence databases; genetic and physical mapping databases; and structure databases. It also explains definitions such as homology, similarity, and gene families. Other topics include the basic principles and computational skills of comparative and phylogenetic analyses of DNA and protein sequence data, computer skills in database searching and information retrieval, predictive methods using DNA sequences, predictive methods using protein sequences, and comparative genomics. W. Li. Winter. L.

26401. Evolutionary Genomics. The exponentially expanding sequence databases, in consequence of the human genome project and other molecular studies, provide an opportunity to investigate the makeup of genes and genomes in evolutionary perspectives. This course introduces a new field in biological sciences: the evolutionary analysis of genomic data of various organisms. It covers important concepts of evolution of genes and genomes, introduces major accomplishments in the field, and teaches basic technical skills such as computer programming and simulation necessary for the data analysis. This course focuses on training the student's ability to access and analyze available genomic databases to study questions of biological interest. M. Long, T. Nagylaki. Spring. L.

26402. Computational Biology. PQ: Consent of instructor. Third- or fourth-year standing. Completion of general education requirements in biology or AP 5 sequence in biology. Knowledge of differential equations and statistics. This course introduces concepts and techniques from physics, mathematics, and computer science that can help with the study of complex biological systems. We emphasize the analysis of intracellular pathways in terms of modular information processing units. Students model biological systems using analytical and computational methods. Small groups then complete an independent research project that describes a biological system from three points of view: (1) biological relevance, (2) the kind of dynamics involved and the important control parameters, and (3) demonstrate/predict the behavior of the system for key parameter values by using numerical simulations. T. Emonet. Spring. L.

28406. Systems Biology, Self-Assembly, and Complexity. (=CPHY 35000) PQ: Advanced standing and background in cell biology, genetics, protein chemistry, mathematical modeling, physics, and chemistry. Among the most challenging concepts in biology involve understanding the fundamental mechanisms that underlie self-assembly and complexity in systems that vary from simple multi-protein molecular machines to cellular systems (e.g., signal transduction) to multi-cellular systems (e.g., immune system) or even whole organism (e.g., development). Systems biology aims at a holistic understanding of the dynamics of biological systems by combining approaches from system sciences, life sciences, and information sciences. Our goal is to introduce both fundamental concepts and cutting-edge approaches at the interface of the biological and physical sciences. P. Nash. Spring.

28500. Biological Physics. (=PHYS 25500) PQ: PHYS 19700 or CHEM 26200. This course introduces the physics of living matter. Our goal is to convey an understanding of the design principles from physics that characterize the condensed and organized matter of living systems. In particuluar, we first focus on the physics of molecular motors, the dynamics of single molecules, and the mechanical properties of individual DNA molecules. In the second part of the class, we study examples of stochastic processes in intracellular regulatory networks. P. Cluzel. Winter.

29309. Evolution and Medicine; Brain and Sex. (=ECEV 30900, EVOL 30900, GNDR 26601) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. A lecture-reading-discussion course on medical implications of a variety of areas in the evolutionary half of biology, with particular emphases on brain and on sex. We consider such topics as hormones and behavior, what use are males, evolution of immunity, ghosts of environments past, and mating strategies. L. Van Valen, M. Stoller. Spring.

Big Problems Courses

02370. Psychoneuroimmunology: Links between the Nervous and Immune Systems. (=BPRO 24200, PSYC 24150/34100) PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing, and BIOS 20180s or 20190s. This course meets requirements for the biological sciences major. This course covers all aspects of neuroimmunoendocrinology at the molecular, cellular, and organismal and social levels. M. McClintock, J. Quintans. Spring. Not offered 2005-06; will be offered 2006-07.

02800. Cultural Evolution and Dimensions of Globalization. (=BPRO 24000, CFSC 25000, HIPS 21500, LING 11200, NCDV 27500, PHIL 32600) PQ: BIOS 29286 or consent of instructor. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. For information on when course will be offered, call Margot Browning at 702-5657. The focus of this two-quarter sequence is on cultural evolution and the globalization of culture. Relevant disciplines are evolutionary genetics, epidemiology, demography, economics, communications, science and technology, anthropology, history, and political science. We discuss issues such as the spread of new diseases, rise of multinational corporations, free trade, popular culture, the Internet, English as an emerging world language, and extinction of languages and cultures. S. Mufwene, J. Sadock, W. Wimsatt, Staff.

02810. The Complex Problem of World Hunger. (=BPRO 24800, ENST 24800, SOSC 26900) PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. Few of our policy makers are experts in economics, agronomy, food science, and molecular biology, yet all of these disciplines are essential for developing strategies to end world hunger. Choosing one country as a test case, we look in detail at the history, politics, governmental structure, population demographics, and agricultural challenges. We then study the theory of world markets, global trade, and microeconomics of developing nations as it applies to the problem of food deficit, as well as examine the promise and limitation of traditional breeding and biotechnology for improving food security. J. Malamy. Spring.

02927. Perspectives on Imaging. (=ARTH 26900/36900, BPRO 27000, CMST 27300/37300, HIPS 24801) PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. Taught by an imaging scientist and an art historian, this course explores scientific, artistic, and cultural aspects of imaging from the earliest attempts to enhance and capture visual stimuli through the emergence of virtual reality systems in the late twentieth century. Topics include the development of early optical instruments (e.g., microscopes, telescopes), the invention of linear perspective, the discovery of means to visualize the invisible within the body, and the recent emergence of new media. We also consider the problem of instrumentally mediated seeing in the arts and sciences and its social implications for our image-saturated contemporary world. B. Stafford, P. LaRiviere. Autumn. Not offered 2005-06; will be offered 2006-07.

Specialized Courses

These courses may not be counted toward the courses required for the major.

29000. Critical Thinking in Biology and Life. PQ: BIOS 10100 or 10110. This course is designed for students who are interested in improving reasoning abilities in all areas of their lives. The goal is to start developing a reasoning toolbox that can be used to address issues of practical importance as a person and citizen. Examples focus on current issues in biology such as human diseases and genetic engineering. This course requires students to actively engage their minds and challenge themselves on this journey aboard the "spaceship of the mind" (as Carl Sagan put it). I. Pavlova. Spring.

29281. Introduction to Medical Ethics. (=HIPS 21400) PQ: Second-year standing or higher. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. This course explores the ethical issues raised by modern medicine. We begin with an introductory examination of the foundations of medical ethics. We also discuss the doctor-patient relationship: how it evolved since World War II and how it should evolve in the twenty-first century. We examine moral issues raised by human experimentation, organ transplantation, and the human genome project. H. Ross. Winter.

29286. Biological and Cultural Evolution. (=BPRO 23900, CHSS 37900, HIPS 23900, LING 11100, NCDV 27400, PHIL 22500/32500) PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing or consent of instructor required; core background in genetics and evolution strongly recommended. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. For information on when course will be offered, call Margot Browning at 702-5657. This course draws on readings and examples from linguistics, evolutionary genetics, and the history and philosophy of science. We elaborate theory to understand and model cultural evolution, as well as to explore analogies, differences, and relations to biological evolution. We also consider basic biological, cultural, and linguistic topics and case studies from an evolutionary perspective. Time is spent both on what we do know, and on determining what we don't. W. Wimsatt, S. Mufwene. Winter 2006.

29288. Genetics in an Evolutionary Perspective. (=CHSS 34210, HIPS 21401, PHIL 32201) PQ: Completion of the general education requirement for the biological sciences and prior course in pre-calculus mathematics. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. This course covers the historical development of theories of heredity and evolution, from before Darwin and Mendel, through the development of cytology and classical genetics, population genetics and neo-Darwinism to evolutionary developmental biology and "eco-evo-devo" and the relation between macro-evolution and micro-evolution. We also discuss disputes between current and historical applications in biology and the social sciences. This course includes computer simulations for historical and modern simpler models in population biology, as well as the strategy and tactics of mathematical model building. W. Wimsatt. Spring.

29291. The History of U.S. Public Health. (=HIPS 21701) This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. This discussion-based course explores changes in public responsibility for health in the United States from 1800 to the later part of the twentieth century. Primary and secondary readings address how public health has responded to disease, knowledge of disease processes, social conditions, politics, and the medical profession. Topics include the public health response to epidemics, the sanitary movement, immigration concerns, public health research, private foundation initiatives, disease surveillance, vaccine policies, and risk factor epidemiology. D. Lauderdale. Spring. Not offered 2005-06; will be offered 2006-07.

29298. Current Issues in Medical Economics. (=HSTD 58301) PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. Case studies of a number of specific issues in health economics and policy are used to illustrate relevant analytic frameworks. This course includes lectures given by faculty members in a number of different divisions and departments as well as given by non-faculty members. M. Koetting, L. Vinci, K. Patel. Spring.

29306. Evolutionary Processes. (=CHSS 34800, ECEV 31000, EVOL 31000, HIPS 20800) PQ: Consent of instructor. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. This course examines evolutionary aspects of ecology, genetics, biochemistry, paleontology, development, philosophy, and related subjects through readings, essays, and discussions. L. Van Valen. Autumn.

29326. Introduction to Medical Physics and Medical Imaging. PQ: PHYS 23500. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. This course covers the interaction of radiation with matter and the exploitation of such interactions for medical imaging and cancer treatment. Topics in medical imaging include X-ray imaging and radionuclide imaging, as well as advanced technologies that provide three-dimensional images, including X-ray computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonic imaging. P. La Riviere, M. Giger, C. Pelizzari. Spring.

29405. Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience I. (=CPNS 32000) PQ: College-level course in calculus required; some background in neurobiology recommended. This course meets requirements for the biological sciences major only for students specializing in neuroscience. This is the first course of a three-quarter sequence that introduces methods in applied mathematics and probability theory that are applicable to problems in neuroscience. It discusses ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations as well as linear algebra, and considers applications of dynamical systems theory to issues in neuro-science. J. Hunter. Autumn.

29406. Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience II. PQ: BIOS 29405 or consent of instructor. This course meets requirements for the biological sciences major only for students specializing in neuroscience. This second course in the sequence deals with analysis of data obtained from physiological and imaging experiments using methods from signal processing and non-linear dynamics. Signal averaging, continuous and discrete Fourier methods, Laplace and z-transforms, basic properties of filters and applications of dynamical systems theory to physiological signals are considered. W. van Drongelen. Winter.

29407. Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Neuroscience III. (=CPNS 32200) PQ: BIOS 29405 and 29406, or consent of instructor. This course meets requirements for the biological sciences major only for students specializing in neuroscience. This third course in the sequence deals with applications of artificial neural nets and topics in mathematical probability and statistics to issues, such as neural coding, in neuroscience. Spring.

Independent Study and Research

00199. Undergraduate Research. PQ: Consent of research sponsor and the director of the honors program in biological sciences. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. This course is graded P/F. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. This course may be elected for up to three quarters. Students must submit a one-page summary of the research planned to their research sponsor and the director of the honors program before Friday of fifth week of the quarter in which they register. A detailed five- to ten-page report on the completed work must be submitted to the research sponsor and the director of the honors program before Friday of examination week. D. Nelson. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring.

00206. Readings in Biology. PQ: Consent of faculty sponsor. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. This course is graded P/F. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. Students may register for only one BIOS 00206 tutorial per quarter. Enrollment must be completed by the end of the second week of the quarter. This is a tutorial offering individually designed readings. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring.

00290. Interdisciplinary Research Seminar I. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar course for advanced research students serves as a curricular component of the PCBio that complements their experience in their mentor's laboratory. Students participate in critical analyses of scientific literature and formal presentations of their ongoing research, as well as writing and revising reviews, research reports, and theses. S. Kron, J. Quintans, Staff. Autumn.

00291. Interdisciplinary Research Seminar II. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar course for advanced research students serves as a curricular component of the PCBio that complements their experience in their mentor's laboratory. Students participate in critical analyses of scientific literature and formal presentations of their ongoing research, as well as writing and revising reviews, research reports, and theses. S. Kron, J. Quintans, Staff. Winter.

00292. Interdisciplinary Research Seminar III. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar course for advanced research students serves as a curricular component of the PCBio that complements their experience in their mentor's laboratory. Students participate in critical analyses of scientific literature and formal presentations of their ongoing research, as well as writing and revising reviews, research reports, and theses. S. Kron, J. Quintans, Staff. Spring.

00293. Interdisciplinary Research Seminar IV. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar course for advanced research students serves as a curricular component of the PCBio that complements their experience in their mentor's laboratory. Students participate in critical analyses of scientific literature and formal presentations of their ongoing research, as well as writing and revising reviews, research reports, and theses. S. Kron, J. Quintans, Staff. Spring.

00294. Interdisciplinary Research Seminar V. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar course for advanced research students serves as a curricular component of the PCBio that complements their experience in their mentor's laboratory. Students participate in critical analyses of scientific literature and formal presentations of their ongoing research, as well as writing and revising reviews, research reports, and theses. S. Kron, J. Quintans, Staff. Spring.

00295. Interdisciplinary Research Seminar VI. PQ: Consent of instructor. This seminar course for advanced research students serves as a curricular component of the PCBio that complements their experience in their mentor's laboratory. Students participate in critical analyses of scientific literature and formal presentations of their ongoing research, as well as writing and revising reviews, research reports, and theses. S. Kron, J. Quintans, Staff. Spring.

00298. Undergraduate Research Seminar. PQ: Fourth-year standing and consent of the director of the honors program. Students will receive a quality grade and may count this course toward requirements for the biological sciences major. This seminar course is required of graduating students in the honors program. The honors thesis is revised during the year and submitted third week of Spring Quarter. Students also participate in a poster session early in Spring Quarter. D. Nelson. Spring.

00299. Advanced Research in the Biological Sciences. PQ: Fourth-year standing. Consent of research sponsor and the director of the honors program in biological sciences. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. This course is available for either quality or P/F grading. This course does not meet requirements for the biological sciences major. In the first quarter of registration, students must submit a Supplementary Information Form to their research sponsor and to the director of the honors program. D. Nelson. Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring.

Graduate-Level Courses

Many graduate-level courses in the Division of the Biological Sciences are open to qualified College students. Students should consult their advisers, the BSCD office, or the various departments and committees in the division to identify appropriate courses.