218. Economics and Environmental Policy (=EnvStd 218, PubPol 218). PQ: Econ 198 or higher. This course combines basic microeconomic theory and tools with contemporary environmental and resources issues and controversies to examine and analyze public policy decisions and the decision-making process. It develops both positive and normative frameworks to evaluate environmental regulations and to understand political economy responses. Theoretical points include externalities, public goods, common-property resources, valuing resources, and benefit (cost analysis and risk assessment). Environmental topics include pollution, global climate changes, energy use and conservation, recycling and waste management, endangered species, and nonrenewable resources, congestion, economic growth and the environment, and equity impacts of public policies. A. Sanderson. Spring.

221. Politics and Policy (=PolSci 282, PubPol 221). PQ: PubPol 221-222-223 may be taken in sequence or individually. Public policy choices interact with politics in obvious ways (such as elections) but also in subtler ways, turning especially on how organizations work and what governs persuasion and belief. This course surveys some key aspects of these interactions. H. Margolis. Spring.

222. Public Policy Analysis (=Econ 278, PubPol 222). PQ: Econ 200. PubPol 221-222-223 may be taken in sequence or individually. This course extends the analytic tools developed in Econ 200. Emphasis is placed on the limitations of economic analysis, as well as the interplay between economic and political issues. Staff. Winter.

223. Problems of Public Policy Implementation (=PolSci 249, PubPol 223, Sociol 340). PQ: PubPol 221-222-223 may be taken in sequence or individually. This course is a systematic examination of the interplay among the executive, the administrator, the legislator, and the public as these relationships affect policy and its undertaking. The emphasis is on the politics of administration, as well as those political forces that organize around the implementer of public policies. R. Taub. Autumn.

227. International Relations and the Environment (=EnvStd 233, PolSci 219, PubPol 227). Global environmental issues in law and policy are investigated through the lens of the major schools of thought in international relations, as well as classic works in international environmental law and policy. International judicial decisions are used to analyze the negotiation of solutions to cross-cultural environmental dilemmas. Socioeconomic and legal controversies relevant to environmental topics and political issues are debated. M. Scully-Granzeier. Spring.

228. Environmental Politics (=EnvStd 232, PolSci 285, PubPol 228). Environmental policy is now being forged amidst major public controversy. These problems are analyzed in the context of public opinion and social values; governmental regulation; environmental justice, rights, and responsibilities; grassroots environmental movements; national security; and the goal of sustainability. M. Scully-Granzeier. Winter.

230. Organizational Analysis (=PubPol 230, Sociol 209/331). This course is a systematic introduction to theoretical and empirical work on organizations, broadly conceived, such as public and private economic organizations, governmental organizations, prisons, health-care organizations, and professional and voluntary associations. Topics include intraorganizational questions about organizational goals and effectiveness, communication, authority, and decision making. Using recent developments in market, political economy, and neo-institutional theories, we explore organizational change and interorganizational relationships for their implications in understanding social change in modern societies. E. Laumann. Autumn.

231. Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy (=EnvStd 231, LL/Soc 231, PubPol 231). PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing or consent of instructor. This lecture/discussion course examines the development of laws and legal institutions that address environmental problems and advance environmental policies. Topics include the common law background to traditional environmental regulation; the explosive growth and impact of federal environmental laws in the second half of the twentieth century; regulations and the urban environment; the evolution of local and national legal structures in response to global environmental change. We pay particular attention to the Clean Air Act and the SUPERFUND, as well as to federal, state, and local waste management regulations. We also discuss natural resources regulation. H. L. Henderson. Autumn.

232. The Economics of Crime (=Econ 287, PubPol 232). PQ: Econ 199 or 201 required. Stat 220 or Econ 210 strongly recommended. This course uses theoretical and empirical economic tools to analyze a wide range of issues related to criminal behavior. Among the topics examined are police, prisons, gang behavior, guns, drugs, capital punishment, labor markets and the macroeconomy, and income inequality. Special emphasis is devoted to analyzing the optimal role for public policy. S. Levitt. Autumn.

236/336. Political Sociology (=PolSci 232, PubPol 236/336, Sociol 235/335). PQ: Prior general social sciences course. This course provides analytical perspectives on citizen preference theory, public choice, group theory, bureaucrats and state-centered theory, coalition theory, elite theories, and political culture. These competing analytical perspectives are assessed in considering middle range theories and empirical studies on central themes of political sociology. Local, national, and cross-national analyses are explored. T. Clark. Spring.

238/338. Development Policy: Trends, Issues, and Debates. PQ: Consent of instructor. We focus on four main sets of issues that arise from contemporary change in the developing world: the current shift toward economic liberalization; the concomitant trend toward democratization; the "new security" concerns posed by drugs, trade, and migration; and the "nontraditional development issues stemming from ethnic and religious diversity, environmental sustainability, and gender. D. Boylan. Winter.

243/443. Environmental Controversies (=EnvStd 243, PubPol 243/443). PQ: Fourth-year standing and consent of instructor. The focus of this course is on the stubborn conflicts of expert against lay intuition on many environmental matters. What makes these conflicts so common and so stubborn? What has changed when they fade from concern (when that happens)? Our main concern is with the politics and psychology of these controversies, but close attention is also paid to the technical underpinnings of these issues. Although expert/lay controversies are particularly apparent on environmental issues, parallel conflicts on intuition occur in other policy areas, such as medicine and crime, so, especially toward the end of the course, we look for applications of the ideas developed in class to these areas. H. Margolis. Spring.

245. Economics of Urban Policies (=Econ 266/365, Geog 266/366, PubPol 245). PQ: Econ 201. This course deals with the economics of spatial processes and structures within the city: residential location, employment location, and spatial-temporal change. We also consider spatial aspects of the public economic activity within a city and relationships between cities and suburbs; externalities in cities; and geographical structures of Third World cities. G. Tolley. Winter.

246. Economic Development in the Inner City (=PubPol 246, Sociol 241/353). This course explores conceptually what the issues are around the economic position of cities in the late twentieth century, and how to think creatively about strategies to generate economic growth that would have positive consequences for low income residents. We consider Community Development Corporations, empowerment zones, housing projects, and business development plans through credit and technical assistance. R. Taub. Spring.

248/348. Urban Policy Analysis (=PolSci 256, PubPol 248/348, Sociol 256/329). This course addresses the explanations available for varying patterns of policies that cities provide in terms of expenditures and service delivery. Topics include theoretical approaches and policy options, migration as a policy option, group theory, citizen preference theory, incrementalism, economic base influences, and an integrated model. Also examined are the New York fiscal crisis and taxpayer revolts, measuring citizen preferences, service delivery, and productivity. T. Clark. Autumn.

253. Social Welfare in the United States (=SocSci 253, PubPol 253). This course examines the evolution of social welfare provisions in American society. Special emphasis is placed on who is helped and who is not, in what forms, under what auspices, and with what goals. The changing nature of helping is analyzed, with particular attention to the changing role of the state. We focus on the poor, children and families, and the mentally ill. Some comparisons are made with other industrialized countries. H. Richman. Spring.

258. Public Choice (=Econ 269, PolSci 235, PubPol 258). PQ: Knowledge of microeconomics. This course is an introduction to the literature that seeks to apply the economic notion of rational choice to the context of politics and social choice. Some of the authors covered are Samuelson, Arrow, Buchanan, Olson, and Downs. H. Margolis. Winter.

260/384. Policy Analysis in Education (=Educ 266/366, PolSci 230, PubPol 260/384). This course serves as the analytical foundation for students interested in education policy. It introduces analytical perspectives in the study of public policy, with particular emphasis on education. Among the approaches are institutional analysis, the bargaining model, the rational actor paradigm, the organizational-bureaucratic model, and the "policy typology" school. K. Wong. Autumn.

262-263/390-391. Field Research Project in Public Policy I, II (=PolSci 286-287, PubPol 262-263/390-391). PQ: Open to non-public policy studies concentrators with consent of instructor. Must be taken in sequence for two separate grades, one for each quarter. Students work on a research team to prepare a report on an important public policy problem for a governmental agency, large public-interest group, or community-based organization. This project includes development and implementation of a research strategy designed to answer the policy questions. The objective is preparation of a publishable report. Staff. Winter, Spring.

266/367. Critical Issues in Education (=Educ 267/367, PubPol 266/367). This course focuses on contemporary issues in educational policy in the broader political and institutional context. Possible topics include federal policy development and implementation; reform at the state level: school finance, academic excellence, and teacher competency; racial equity and school desegregation) progress and prospects; public-private school differences and policy proposals; and big-city school politics (race, unions, and the economy. For each topic, two or three major works are selected for more in-depth examination. Scholarly research frames the discussion, along with an evaluation of contemporary policy recommendations from both governmental and nongovernmental sources. K. Wong. Spring.

267. Metropolitan Development and Planning (=Geog 267/367, PubPol 267, Sociol 247). PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This course focuses on metropolitan development patterns and the interplay of geopolitical, economic, and social changes in U.S. cities after 1950. Intergovernmental relations, and concepts and institutions of urban planning are also explored. Selected policies for economic development, land-use management, housing, education, transportation, energy, and the environment are analyzed by region. D. Holleb. Spring.

269. Medicine and the Law (=LL/Soc 269, NCD 269, PubPol 269, SocSci 269). An introductory investigation of the relations and conflicts between the law and the profession of medicine. After an initial segment involving informed consent and patient refusal, the course is divided into two parts. The first part follows the development of the "right to privacy" with particular emphasis on the legal precedents involving access to contraception and abortion; the second studies the termination of life sustaining treatment precedents from Quinlan to the Supreme Court physician assisted suicide cases. Each class is divided into two parts: a discussion of the cases and an attempt to resolve a contemporary controversy involving the law as announced by the cases. A. Goldblatt. Spring.

270. Introduction to International Economics (=Econ 270, PubPol 270). PQ: Econ 201 and 202, or consent of instructor. This course deals with the pure theory of international trade: the real side of international economics. Topics include the basis for gains from trade; the theory of comparative advantage; effects of international trade on distribution of income, tariffs, and other barriers to trade; and the role of exchange rates. L. Sjaastad. Autumn.

283/383. Health Economics and Public Policy (=Econ 277, PubPol 283/383). PQ: Econ 201 or higher, and consent of instructor. This course analyzes the economics of health care in the United States with particular attention paid to the role of government. The first part of the course examines the demand for health care and the structure and consequences of public and private health insurance. The second part of the course examines the supply of health care, including professional training, licensure, specialization and compensation, hospital competition and finance, and the determinants and consequences of technical change in medicine. The course concludes with an examination of recent proposals and initiatives for health care reform. D. Meltzer. Spring.

286/375. Problems of Economic Policy in Developing Countries (=Econ 256, PubPol 286/375). PQ: Econ 201 and 202, or consent of instructor. This course focuses on the application of economic analysis to economic policy issues frequently encountered in developing countries. Topics include sources of economic growth, commercial policy, regional economic integration, inflation and stabilization, the problem of fiscal deficits, the choice of the exchange rate regime, and the international debt problem. L. Sjaastad. Winter.

296. Internship: Public Policy. PQ: Consent of instructor. Open only to public policy studies concentrators. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Must be taken for a P/F grade. After working for a government agency or not-for-profit organization, students write a paper about the experience. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

297. Reading and Research: Public Policy. PQ: Open only to public policy studies concentrators. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

298. Senior Seminar. PQ: Open only to fourth-year public policy studies concentrators. Must be taken for a letter grade. Staff. Autumn.

299. B.A. Paper Preparation: Public Policy. PQ: Open only to fourth-year public policy studies concentrators. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

The following 300- and 400-level courses are also open to College students.

335. Organizational Decision Making (=PolSci 275/375, PubPol 335, Sociol 350). This course examines the process of decision making in modern complex organizations, such as universities, schools, hospitals, businesses, and public bureaucracies. The course also considers the impact of information, power, resources, organizational structure, and the environment, as well as alternative models of choice and other implications. J. Padgett. Autumn.

392. Social Policy in Europe, 1815 to the Present (=Educ 391, PubPol 392). This course examines the antecedents, evaluation, and alleged "crises" of the welfare state, with emphasis on policies concerning education, the family, the labor market, income distribution, health, and regional development. The course is informed by recent efforts to develop a theory of the welfare state, including those identified with structural-functionalism, neo-Marxist political economy, historical sociology, the "new" institutional economics, and public choice theory. J. Craig. Winter.

393. Educational Organization and Social Inequality (=Educ 218/318, PubPol 393, Sociol 230/338). This course presents a review of formulations of education's place in the system of social stratification and focuses on the organization of school systems, schools, and classrooms. Attention is given to the ways conceptions of educational organization and of stratification can be related to each other. C. Bidwell. Spring.

397. The Institution of Education (=Educ 217/317, PubPol 397, Sociol 275/337). This course is a general survey of the properties of education considered as an institution of historical and contemporary societies. Particular attention is given to institutional formation and change in education and to education's role in processes of social control and social stratification. C. Bidwell. Winter.

436. Workshop in Urban Policy. PQ: Consent of instructor. T. Clark. Winter.

465. The Diverse Society: Race and Ethnicity in the Political Process (=PubPol 465, SSA 469, Sociol 225). P. Cafferty. Spring.