Anthropology encompasses a number of historical and comparative approaches to human cultural and physical variety, ranging from the study of human evolution and prehistory to the study of cultures as systems of meaningful symbols. Anthropology involves, at one extreme, such natural scientific studies as anatomy, ecology, genetics, and geology; at the other, various social sciences and humanities ranging from psychology, sociology, and linguistics to philosophy, history, and comparative religion. Anthropology can lead (through graduate study) to careers in research and teaching in university and museum settings. More often it provides a background for further work in other disciplines of the social sciences, humanities, and biological sciences, as well as for professional careers in government, business, law, medicine, social services, and other fields.

Students wishing to concentrate in anthropology must confer with the undergraduate chairman before being officially admitted to the program. The Bachelor of Arts program in anthropology consists of thirteen courses, of which at least ten are normally chosen from those listed or cross listed as Department of Anthropology courses (a minimum of three from the introductory group Anthropology 211 through 214, plus seven others). With approval in advance from the program chairman, the additional three concentration courses may be ones offered by other departments.

Students are encouraged to construct individual programs, and in so doing they should consult regularly with the program chairman. For a view of the whole of anthropology they may wish to include courses in each of the four recognized subfields of anthropology: archaeological, linguistic, physical, and sociocultural. Examples from courses currently offered follow:

The courses numbered Anthropology 211 through 214 do not presume any previous study of anthropology and may be taken in any order; their contents often vary and, if so, a student may take a course of the same number for a second or third time.

These courses are intended to offer an introduction to some of the substantive, methodological, and theoretical issues of sociocultural anthropology. Students emphasizing sociocultural anthropology are encouraged also to take one or more of the non-Western civilization sequences: African, South Asian, and Latin American. These civilization sequences normally feature anthropological approaches and content. Other civilization sequences can be taken for anthropology credit in accordance with the individual student's needs or interests.

Students who wish to emphasize study in biological, archaeological, or linguistic anthropology are referred by the program chairman to departmental advisers in these fields to assist them in developing the requirements of their individual programs.

Where desirable for a student's individual anthropology program and with the approval of the program chairman in advance, a student may also obtain course credit for supervised individual reading or research (Anthropology 297), as well as by attending field schools or courses offered by other universities.

Grading. Concentration courses must be taken for quality grades unless the program chairman gives permission in advance for P/N or P/F registration.

Honors. A special honors program is open, on application to the undergraduate program chairman before the end of the junior year, to superior students with an overall grade point average of 3.25 or better who wish to develop an extended piece of research through a bachelor's essay under the approved supervision of a faculty member. One quarter's registration in Anthropology 299 may be devoted to the preparation of the senior honors essay. For award of honors, the essay must be judged excellent by the faculty member who supervised the work and then by a second reader approved by the program chairman. No later than the fifth week of the quarter in which the student expects to graduate, two copies of the completed paper must be submitted to the program chairman by the student being recommended for special honors.

The courses listed below include those on the 200-level, which are specifically intended for undergraduates, and on the 300-level, which are for advanced undergraduates and for graduates. Many of the department's other offerings at the 400- and 500-levels that are not listed below are open to qualified undergraduates with consent of the instructor. Information about many course offerings was not available at the time this publication went to press. For more current information, students should consult the time schedule and course descriptions on the departmental bulletin board outside H 119, the quarterly Time Schedules, or the program chairman.

201/401. The Inca and Aztec States. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course is an intensive examination of the origins, structure, and meaning of two native states of the ancient Americas: the Inca and the Aztec. Lectures focus on an examination of theories of state genesis, function, and transformation, with special reference to the economic, institutional, and symbolic bases of indigenous state development. The seminar is broadly comparative in perspective and considers the structural significance of institutional features that are either common to or unique expressions of these two Native American states. A. Kolata. Autumn.

202. Sociocultural Dynamics of Pre-Columbian Civilization (=Anthro 202, ArtH 184, LatAm 202). This course explores, in a comparative framework, the social and cultural dynamics of selected pre-Columbian civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andean region, including the Maya, Moche, Inca, and Aztec, among others. We focus on three themes related to social structure and cultural expression: social production and human-environment interaction, systems of representation and knowledge, and the nature of rulership and sovereignty. T. Cummins, A. Kolata. Winter.

206/311. Films in India (=Anthro 206/311, CMS 241, Hist 267/367, SoAsia 205/305). This course considers film-related activities from just before Independence (1947) down to the present. Emphasis is placed on the reconstruction of film-related activities that can be taken as life practices from the standpoint of "elites" and "masses," "middle classes," men and women, people in cities and villages, governmental institutions, businesses, and the "nation." The course relies on people's notions of the everyday, festive days, paradise, arcadia, and utopia to pose questions about how people try to realize their wishes and themselves through film. How film practices articulated with colonialism, nationalism, "socialist development," and, now, "free markets" is a major concern. R. Inden. Winter.

207-208-209. Introduction to African Civilization I, II, III (=Anthro 207-208-209, SocSci 225-226-227; Anthro 208=Hist 101). This sequence meets the general education requirement in civilization studies. This course presents the political, economic, social, and cultural development of sub-Saharan African communities and states from a variety of points from the precolonial past up to the present. The autumn quarter treats the social organization and political economy of several precolonial societies in southern, central, and eastern Africa. The winter quarter focuses on a comparative archaeological and ethnographic exploration of states and cities in East and West Africa, including an intensive examination of a stateless society in a modern postcolonial state (the Luo of Kenya).The spring quarter focuses on a single region (the Manden of West Africa), covering village social structure and political economy, precolonial trade and empire, Islam, European colonialism, and postcolonial society. A. Apter, Autumn; M. Dietler, Winter; R. Austen, Spring.

211. Classical Readings in Anthropology: Myth and Ritual. Some of the most durable concerns of cultural anthropology were shaped in the early literature dealing with the relationship between myths and rites. Authors considered include E. B. Tylor, W. Robertson Smith, J. G. Frazer, Emile Durkheim, Marcel Mauss, and Henri Hubert. R. Nicholas. Autumn.

211. Classical Readings in Anthropology: Caste in Colonial India. The distinctively Indian mode of classification that is commonly called "caste" in English was interpreted by academic and administrative authorities in colonial India in terms that were quite different from those employed by the Indians. Even though it was alien, this colonial interpretation was influential, and left a legacy of caste-based institutions and conflicts that are important today. We try to understand the premises behind the writing of Crooke, Hutton, Risley, Thurston, and others; and try to follow the social consequences of colonial analysis and policy. R. Nicholas. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

211/384. Classical Readings in Anthropology: History and Theory of Human Evolution (=Anthro 211/384, EvBiol 384, HiPSS 236). A seminar on racial, sexual, and class bias in the classic theoretic writings, autobiographies, and biographies of Darwin, Huxley, Haekel, Keith, Osborn, Jones, Gregory, Morton, Broom, Black, Dart, Weidenreich, Robinson, Leakey, LeGros-Clark, Schultz, Straus, Hooton, Washburn, Coon, Dobzhansky, Simpson, and Gould. R. Tuttle. Winter.

Numerous courses under the number Anthro 212 are offered that are not included on the list that follows. Please consult the quarterly Time Schedules for final information.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: Eastern Europe. This close study of an ethnographic region explores the current dramatic transformations in Eastern Europe after the cold war, the meanings of nationalism in the region, everyday life under state socialism, how and why the "fall of Communism" occurred, current transnational migrations, the situation of ethnic and linguistic minorities, and the role of intellectuals in political life. S. Gal. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: Iroquois. This course offers an overview of Iroquois culture from its prehistoric backgrounds to the modern day. In addition to studying the basic data of Iroquois ethnology, the course examines how Europeans and anthropologists have viewed the Iroquois, as well as how the Iroquois view themselves and others. R. Fogelson. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: The Brazilian Amazon. This course deals with the Amazon and sustainable development. It focuses on international and Brazilian policies for the Amazon and on the involvement of traditional peoples in environmental issues. M. da Cunha. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: Colonial New Mexico. In an area with a rich documentary and ethnographic record, indigenous communities have often been viewed as coherent, bounded, and persistent units of social, political, and economic organization whose ethnographic present can be unproblematically transposed onto an archaeological past. Using primary ethnographic, documentary, and archaeological source material, we examine substantive and methodological issues raised by this claim. We examine the development of novel and integral economic, political, and social networks that have defined colonial society in the region over the last five hundred years. M. Lycett. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

212. Intensive Study of a Culture: Hindu. PQ: Third-year standing. May be taken for either 100 or 200 units of credit. Popular Hindu classics of astrology, biology, and sociology assume that people and their actions are made of ether, air, fire, water, and earth; and that they therefore seek advantage, attachment, coherence, place, viability, and the contraries of these. Students experiment with these assumptions through a simulation-game and compare their results with ethnographic descriptions of Hindu institutions and behavior. M. Marriott. Autumn.

212/321. Ethnosociology: Hindu (=Anthro 212/321, SocSci 256). PQ: Third-year standing. May be taken for either 100 units or 200 units. Continuing the discussions of materials in Anthro 212: Hindu, this course compares additional texts and recent ethnographies with the aim of developing social sciences appropriate for research in South Asia. M. Marriott. Autumn.

212/324. Intensive Study of a Culture: Anthropology of Therevada Buddhism. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. What should be the contours of an anthropology of modern Theravada Buddhism? This class examines this question by conducting a genealogy of previous anthropological approaches to this problem that draw on Sri Lankan and Thai materials. We pay special attention to questions of historical transformation and modernity, tracking the intersection between Theravada Buddhism, "politics," and "violence." P. Jeganathan. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

212/336. Intensive Study of a Culture: The Tswana, Past and Present (=AfAfAm 205, Anthro 212/336). This course describes and analyzes the sociocultural order of an African people during the precolonial, colonial, and postcolonial periods. J. Comaroff. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

212/346. Intensive Study of a Culture: Problems in the History and Ethnography of Indonesia. Do Indonesian societies have any unity other than that which was originally imposed upon them by outsiders? Beginning with a review of the Dutch East Indies' colonial past, we consider how various scholars have responded to this question. Readings range from interpretive ethnographies in the tradition of Clifford Geertz, to classics of Dutch structuralism, to recent treatments of marginality and the postcolonial predicament. The course pays special heed to a trait commonly attributed to the region's cultures: the ability to localize objects and texts from afar. D. Rutherford. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

212/406. Intensive Study of a Culture: Yoruba (=AfAfAm 204, Anthro 212/406). This course is a rigorous survey of kinship, politics, economics, and religion among the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria, with special emphasis on ritual, gender, and colonialism. A. Apter. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

212/417. Intensive Study of a Culture: Anthropology of the Middle East. This course is designed as an in-depth introduction to historical and ethnographic studies of the Middle East examined through the lens of broader issues in anthropological inquiry. The first half of the course is organized around what have long been gate-keeping concepts in anthropologies of the Middle East and in Middle East Studies more broadly. The second half of the course is more topical in its approach and focuses on two important issues: the question of Israel/Palestine and that of religion and politics. N. Abu El-Haj. Winter.

212/430. Intensive Study of a Culture: Fiji. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This course analyzes Fijian cultural orders and their early-modern history with a theoretical emphasis on anthropological modes of historical interpretation. Particular topics vary year to year, but all are considered from the general theoretical perspective of the relations among events, individual agents, and cultural order. M. Sahlins. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

213. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Shamanism. The venerable topic of shamanism is explored in its original Siberian manifestations, North American variations, and extensions into Central and South America and elsewhere. The New Age and not-so-New Age interest in shamanism is also considered. R. Fogelson. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

213. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Myth and Ritual. This course explores contemporary approaches to the interpretations of myths and rituals, and of the relations between them. Authors include Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown, Kluckhohn, Douglas, Evans-Pritchard, Geertz, Leach, Lévi-Strauss, and Turner. R. Nicholas. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

213. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Caste in Modern India. R. Nicholas. Winter.

213/303. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Gender Theory and Anthropology. This course examines gender as a cultural category in anthropological theory, as well as in everyday life. After reviewing the historical sources of the current concern with women, gender, and sexuality in anthropology and the other social sciences, we critically explore some key controversies, such as the relationship between production and reproduction in different sociocultural orders; the links between "public" and "private" in current theories of politics; the construction of sexualities, nationalities, and citizenship; and women and gender in postcolonial discourse. S. Gal. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

213/421. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Kinship and Every Day Life. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. Once the focus of fierce debate in anthropology and social theory, in recent years the topic of kinship seems to have given way to broader concerns, such as globalization and the politics of identity. Yet the problem of kinship often resurfaces. This course provides a critical survey of debates, old and new, in the study of kinship with an eye towards exploring their relevance to research on the reproduction and erosion of sociocultural difference. Readings range from classical treatments to recent reformulations that use kinship as a lens for exploring the dynamics of history, memory, and power. D. Rutherford. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

213/453. Modern Readings in Anthropology: Explorations in Oral Narrative (The Folk Tale). Class limited to thirty-five students. This course studies the role of storytelling and narrativity in society and culture. Among these are a comparison of folk tale traditions; the shift from oral to literate traditions and the impact of writing; the principal schools of analysis of narrative structure and function; and the place of narrative in the disciplines: law, psychoanalysis, politics, history, philosophy, and anthropology. Story performance and contemporary storytelling in America are considered and encouraged. J. Fernandez. Spring.

214. The Practice of Anthropology. Class limited to sixteen students. This course examines an intellectual biography of a selected significant figure (or figures) in the history of anthropology and studies his (or her or their) writings, context, and influence as a specimen of the historical sociology of anthropological knowledge. The current topic is Franz Boas. G. Stocking. Spring.

214/335. The Practice of Anthropology: Lévi-Strauss. Class limited to twenty students. This course discusses some fundamental topics in Lévi-Strauss's anthropology, namely, kinship, myth, and structure. Starting with alliance theory, it proceeds to examine the structural analysis of myths, its relationship to art, and the very notion of structure in Lévi-Strauss, relating it with models in other sciences that were its inspiration. M. da Cunha. Spring.

214/339. The Practice of Anthropology: Trends in Amazonian Ethnology. Class limited to twenty students. This course discusses some paradigmatic monographs on Lowland South American Indians. M. da Cunha. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

214/383. The Practice of Anthropology: Celebrity and Science in Paleoanthropology. This seminar explores the balance among research, "show biz," big business, and politics in the careers of Louis, Mary, and Richard Leakey; Alan Walker; Donald Johanson; Jane Goodall; Dian Fossey; and Biruté Galdikas through films, taped interviews, autobiographies, biographies, pop publications, instructor's anecdotes, and samples of scientific writings. R. Tuttle. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

214/518. Practice of Anthropology: Decolonization, New Nations, and Great Traditions. Seeking perspective on contemporary scholarship on nation-states, this course examines American anthropological research on nations and nationalism since World War II: the period of American global dominance. Why was the "new nations" project, energetic in the 1960s, followed by increasing regionalism and then, the 1980s by an explosion in "imagination" and "identity" theory? How does scholarship on nations connect to World War II, the Holocaust, decolonization, the rise and fall of the cold war, the increasing gap between rich and poor, and contemporary economic and cultural globalization? Special attention is given to studies of South Asia and the Pacific. J. Kelly. Autumn.

216. Eye of the Beholder: Travel, Otherness, and Anthropology. If there are basic similarities in the ways travelers tend to perceive foreigners, can anthropology be any more than a sophisticated form of tourism? Would a naïve traveler to the United States today find Americans as odd as Marco Polo found the Mongol? Those are some of the questions this course addresses by way of a close reading of the eyewitness accounts of travelers of various backgrounds, from ancient to present times. M.-R. Trouillot. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

217. Japanese Society and Culture (=Anthro 217, EALC 223, Japan 223, SocSci 223). Class limited to twenty-five students. This course deals with various topics related to the anthropology of Japan. The goal is not only to provide students with knowledge and analytical tools to understand Japan, but also to examine how Japan has been portrayed by Western anthropologists and sociologists. Dominant concepts and framework used in the past to analyze Japanese culture and behavior are first reviewed. Then specific topics are covered, such as self and identity, the family and socialization processes, social organizations and the work place, the position of women, ethnic minorities, immigration, and nationalism and transnationalism in Japan. Dominant analytical approaches are discussed in conjunction with detailed ethnographic works. T. Tsuda. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

218/312. Amazonian Local Knowledge. This course discusses, on Amazonian ethnographic grounds, a major current debate, namely the appropriation of local knowledge by the West. Following a general introduction to Amazonian ethnology, the course particularly deals with the nature of shamanism and knowledge, as well as the process of generating and acquiring knowledge among some Amazonian societies. We then discuss issues around intellectual rights in relation to biological and knowledge prospection. M. da Cunha. Winter.

220/355. The Anthropology of Development (=Anthro 220/335, EnvStd 220). This course applies anthropological understanding to development programs in "underdeveloped" societies through case studies of food production, nutrition, and health care practices. We pay special attention to the role and impact of indigenous and anthropological concepts in development projects. Topics include development within the world system, the role of national and international development agencies, the cultural construction of well-being and deprivation, the impact of world market mechanisms and consumerism on underdevelopment, local resistance and engagement in development, the politics of underdevelopment, and future development. A. Kolata, J. Fernandez, R. Fernandez. Spring.

223. The Anthropology of Intellectuals. Class limited to twenty-five students. C. Lomnitz. Autumn.

226. Ethnic Violence in Global Perspective (=Anthro 226, SoAsia 290). Class limited to fifty students. This course examines legal, ethnographic, and journalistic materials from some major sites of ethnic violence in the last decade, such as Central Africa, Eastern Europe, and South Asia, to look for comparative patterns of cause and process and to explore the extent to which the broader forces of globalization play a role in all these cases. Mechanisms of group identity and the role of state institutions in violence are given special attention. A. Appadurai. Winter.

227/329. South Asian Nationalisms. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This class explores the question of the nation and nationalism from a South Asian perspective. We examine nationalism in relation to three intellectual and political practices (cultural anthropology, subaltern historiography, and feminism) and ask how each intervention intersects and compares with the others. P. Jeganathan. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

228/332. Diasporas: Asian Migration in the Modern World I (=Anthro 228/332, SoAsia 282/492). The United States is known as the land of immigrants. Yet today immigration policy is a controversial issue as established immigrant groups seek to limit who is entitled to citizenship and who is entitled to work. This lecture/discussion course explores the thorny problems of migration, citizenship, and multiculturalism through the lens of Asians in the new face of America. The focus is on the formation of subcultures and subnationalities and on the discourses of freedom that connect India, South Africa, the Caribbean, and the United States. The conditions of migration and its experience are explored through historical writing, novels, film, and the popular media. C. Breckenridge. Winter.

228/332. Diasporas: Asian Migration in the Modern World II (=Anthro 228/332, SoAsia 283/493). This course seeks to explore and debate the dynamics of postcolonial migration, citizenship, and identity through such key concepts as "diaspora," "globalization," "transnationalism," "capitalism," "circulation," and "mediation." It seeks to distinguish the new Asian diasporas of the late twentieth century from forms of colonial migration. We examine this changing historical context in which the modern diaspora of peoples from South Asia, Vietnam, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, and the Philippines has been shaped to form the contested space of Asian America. Materials for this course focus both on the conditions of migration and its experience, and include historical writing, fiction, and film. C. Breckenridge. Spring.

231-232-233. Introduction to Latin American Civilization I, II, III (=Anthro 231-232-233, Hist 161-162-163, LatAm 161-162-163/346-347-348, SocSci 261-262-263). This sequence fulfills the civilization studies requirement in general education. May be taken in sequence or individually. This three-quarter course sequence introduces students to the history and cultures of Latin America, including Mexico, Central and South America, and the Caribbean Islands. The autumn quarter examines the origins of civilizations in Latin America with a focus on the political, social, and cultural features of the major pre-Columbian civilizations of the Maya, Inca, and Aztec. The quarter concludes with consideration of the Spanish and Portuguese conquest and the construction of colonial societies in Latin America. The winter quarter addresses the evolution of colonial societies, the wars of independence, and the emergence of Latin American nation-states in the changing international context of the nineteenth century. The spring quarter focuses on the twentieth century, with a special emphasis on the challenges of economic, political, and social development in the region. This course is offered in alternate years. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

237/337. Capitalism, Colonialism, and Nationalism in the Pacific. This course compares colonial capitalist projects and their dialogic transformations up to present political dilemmas, with special attention given to Fiji, New Zealand, and Hawaii. We also focus on the labor diaspora, the fates of indigenous polities, and tensions in contemporary citizenship. General propositions about nationalism, "late" capitalism, global cultural flows, and postcolonial subject positions are juxtaposed with contemporary Pacific conflicts. J. Kelly. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

239/314. Sacrifice. Class limited to twenty students. Sacrifice is an important expression of the relationship between human beings and divinities in most cultural systems. "Modern" societies and "civilized" religious thinkers have sought to distance their cultural orders from the frequently sanguinary aspect of sacrifices, or from the implication that the divine realm can be reached by a material medium of communication. Comparison of the diverse modes and theories of sacrifice in various cultures reveals a surprisingly similar set of underlying cultural constructs. R. Nicholas. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

240-241-242. Introduction to the Civilization of South Asia I, II, III (=Anthro 240-241-242; SocSci 230-231-232; SoAsia 200-201-202; SoAsia 202=PolSci 260). PQ: Must be taken in sequence. Students who register for the third quarter of the sequence as PolSci 260 do not have to meet the prerequisites. This course fulfills the civilization studies requirement in general education. This sequence introduces students to important textual, institutional, and historical ideas that have constituted "civilization" in modern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Topics in the autumn quarter include representations of South Asia as a "Third World country"; Gandhi, Nehru, Jinnah, and Ambedkar's visions of modernity; and India as a consumer society. Topics in the winter quarter include media representations of daily life both urban and rural through film and television. Topics in the spring quarter include the politics of religion and gender especially on matters of "civility." These include Buddhist, Hindu, and Muslim debates about the nation, and about gender relations. Original sources include essays, speeches, fiction, film and television programs. R. Inden, Autumn, Winter; C. Breckenridge, Spring.

243/403. Medicine and Culture (=Anthro 243/403, GendSt 243/403, HiPSS 273). Class limited to fifty students. This course examines diverse systems of thought and practice concerning health, illness, and the management of the body and person in everyday and ritual contexts. We seek to develop a framework for studying the cultural and historical constitution of healing practices, especially the evolution of Western biomedicine. J. Comaroff. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

244. Image and Fetish. This course discusses issues arising from visual representation, such as the role of image and iconography as a system. Examples are taken from diverse cultural contexts. M. da Cunha. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

245/405. Indigenous Intellectual Rights: Brazil. We discuss the history of indigenous intellectual rights in Brazil, as well as major sources of conflict. M. da Cunha. Winter.

247/347. Political Anthropology. This course is an exploration of major theoretical approaches to the study of political institutions, structures, and processes in different societies, with special reference to the nature of power, the role of symbolism and ideology in politics, and images of the state. J. L. Comaroff. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

249. The Invention of the Americas. This course examines the material and symbolic transformations behind the changing images of this hemisphere. Utopian America, Conquest America, Plantation America, Imperial America are among the many moments to be analyzed as the dividing lines within the hemisphere move from the Antilles to the mainland, from south to north of the Rio Grande or from race to class. Readings range from Las Casas and Montaigne to Marti, Twain, and Todorov. M. R. Trouillot. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

251/451. Anthropology of the Body. This course explores a range of texts, both classic and more recent, that treat the body as the subject and object of social processes. Introductory lectures are followed by student presentations, the goal being to ground theoretical inquiry in ethnographic and historical materials. J. Comaroff. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

254/354. Knowledge and Power. A very large, boundary-crossing literature has developed around searches for general insights into relations between knowledge and power. This course is an introduction to some recent (and not so recent) scholarly debates about rationality and hegemony, about discourse, disciplines, dialogics, and authority, and about the (non)uniqueness of modernity, postmodernity, and science. While designed to engage theoretical literature about knowledge and power from several disciplines the course gives special attention to ethnographic contributions and appropriations of them in these debates, and to possible ethnographic projects raised by new questions. J. Kelly. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

259/394. South Asia before the Buddha (=AncSt 259, Anthro 259/394). This is a study of the archaeology of South Asia that covers the period from the beginning of the Holocene (ca. 10,000 years ago) to the Early Historic (to ca. A.D. 500) or the time of Early Buddhism. Over much of this period, archaeological data constitute the only source of information about the past; for all of this period archaeology can inform on those people and aspects of the past that are largely ignored in documentary sources. We discuss the multiple transitions to agriculture across the subcontinent, the development and disappearance of urbanism in the Indus Valley, the establishment of the first empires, and the shifting mosaic of cultural and economic practices that constitutes early South Asia. K. Morrison. Spring.

260/460. Mesoamerican Archeology. The prehistoric native cultures of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, and Honduras are introduced using a framework of environmental analysis and cultural evolutionary theory. The course traces the development of aboriginal societies from the earliest settlements in the late Pleistocene until the Spanish conquest. Survey focuses include the Olmec, the Maya, the Teotihuacan, the Toltec, and the Aztec. A. Kolata. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

261/465. Ancient Celtic Societies. This course explores the prehistoric societies of Iron Age "Celtic" Europe and their relationship to modern communities claiming Celtic ancestry. The course aims to impart an understanding of (1) the kinds of evidence available for investigating these ancient societies and how archaeologists interpret these data, (2) processes of change in culture and society during the Iron Age, and (3) how the legacy of Celtic societies has both persisted and been reinvented and manipulated in the modern world. Issues include the relationship between language, material culture, and society; colonial interaction; urbanization; art and religion; gender roles; and cultural identity and the construction of tradition. M. Dietler. Spring.

262. Logic and Practice of Archaeology. This course offers an overview of the concepts and practice of anthropological archaeology. We discuss the varied goals of archaeological research and consider the range of ways in which archaeologists build inferences about the past from the material record. Throughout the quarter, the more general discussion of research logic and practice is situated in the context of detailed consideration of current archaeological projects from different parts of the world. K. Morrison. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

263/363. Andean Prehistory. This course is an in-depth examination of selected pre-Hispanic Andean societies and their evolution. It is not an exhaustive survey of South American prehistory. Rather, emphasis is placed on the formulation of general theoretical cultural models for Andean societies and their evolution through a series of empirical case studies. The central role of ethnohistorical research in understanding the dynamics and institutional bases of indigenous Andean civilization is a recurrent theme during the course. A. Kolata. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

266. Spanish Summer Field School in Ancient Art and Archaeology. PQ: Must be taken concurrently with Anthro 287 and 288 for a total of 300 units. Prior training not required. Knowledge of Spanish helpful. The University of Chicago, in conjunction with the Institute of Prehistoric Investigations (in Santander, Spain), is offering a field school in research on early art. Students participate in on-site study of several major decorated Paleolithic caves in Spanish Cantabria, including the famous cave of Altamira, and view and analyze sculptural programs in a number of early Christian churches. Theoretical classes and seminars are combined with practical site experience. L. Freeman. Summer.

269/469. Archaeological Data Sets. This course focuses on the methodological basis of archaeological data analysis. Its goals are twofold, first to provide students with an opportunity to examine research questions through the study of archaeological data, and second to allow students to evaluate evidential claims in light of analytical results. We consider data collection, sampling and statistical populations, exploratory data analysis, and statistical inference. The course is built around computer applications and, thus, also provides an introduction to computer analysis, data encoding, and database structure. M. Lycett. Spring.

270-1,-2,-3/370-1,-2,-3. Introduction to Linguistics I, II, III (=Anthro 270-1,-2-3/370-1,-2,-3, Ling 201-202-203/301-302-303, SocSci 217-218-219). PQ: Must be taken in sequence. This course is an introductory survey of methods, findings, and problems in areas of major interest within linguistics and of the relationship of linguistics to other disciplines. Topics include the biological basis of language, basic notions of syntax, semantics, pragmatics, basic syntactic typology of language, phonetics, phonology, morphology, language acquisition, linguistic variation, and linguistic change. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

271. Cultural History of American English (=Anthro 271, GS Hum 223). This course explores the emergence of the American English linguistic community within the context of North American and more global English-centered speech communities. Topics include American culture and the American culture of language, genres of textual monuments of it, as well as the dynamic intersections of institutional forces that have shaped, and are currently shaping, American English discursive practices and linguistic structure. M. Silverstein. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

272. Language in Culture and Society. This introductory course considers how we understand the social activity of speaking (and its equivalents): language as a system of signs to explain the descriptive (referential) content of speech; language as a socially shared organization of cognitive categories; the awareness of linguistic structure; theories of language use and function (linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics) to explain the social effectiveness of speech; and language among the semiotic systems of culture. M. Silverstein. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

273. Language, Voice, and Gender. The role of language (as structure, as text, and as discursive practice) is considered in the sociocultural construction of gender as an aspect of social identity. A variety of scholarly and popular works is discussed in a cross-cultural framework of comparison, with a view to locating the cultural processes in specific cases. M. Silverstein. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

274/374. Language, Power, and Identity in Southeastern Europe (=Anthro 274/374, GnSlav 230/330, Hum 274, Ling 272/372). Language is a key issue in the articulation of ethnicity and the struggle for power in Southeastern Europe. This course familiarizes students with the linguistic histories and structures that have served as bases for the formation of modern Balkan ethnic identities that are being manipulated to shape current and future events. The course is informed by the instructor's twenty-five years of linguistic research in the Balkans, as well as his experience as an adviser for the United Nations Protection Forces in the Former Yugoslavia and as a consultant to the South Balkan Project of the Council on Foreign Relations, the International Crisis Group, and other organizations. V. Friedman. Autumn.

275/475-1,-2,-3. Modern Spoken Quiché Maya I, II, III (=Anthro 275/475-1,-2,-3, LngLin 278/478). Introduction to the spoken language with tapes and transcriptions, grammatical notes and exercises, aural comprehension, and oral practice. N. McQuown. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

278. Culture and Cognition: Linguistic Relativity (=Anthro 278, Ling 270). PQ: Knowledge of linguistics or cognitive studies helpful. Understanding language both as a systematic representation of the thinkable and as a systematic way of inhabiting a universe of social action, we review the ways modern social and cognitive scientists have dealt with the implications of the formal variability of language. We consider both cross-linguistic, cross-societal implications, and the significance of register-based social variability of language within linguistic communities. M. Silverstein. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

279/479-1,-2,-3. Modern Spoken Yucatec Maya I, II, III. This class introduces the spoken language with tapes and transcriptions, grammatical notes and exercises, aural comprehension, and oral practice. N. McQuown. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

280. Health and Demography in Archaeological Perspective. This course is a critical examination of the theoretical and methodological basis of demographic and biocultural inferences in archaeology. In the first half of the quarter we consider the sources of evidence and the analytical strategies employed by archaeologists and biological anthropologists to inform on human health status and population dynamics in the past. During the second half of the course we explore the conjunction of these varied lines of evidence in relation to specific research problems, including the long-term consequences of domestication, urbanization, and expanding exchange networks. M. Lycett. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

282. Archaeology of the Spanish Borderlands. Drawing on archaeological and ethnohistorical data, this course examines colonial and indigenous societies and their articulations on the northern periphery of New Spain between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries A.D. Although the scope of this course is geographically broad, including northern Mesoamerica and Spanish North America, its focus is topical and selective rather than chronological and exhaustive. We explore the ways European contact and colonization created new and locally variable social and ecological relationships that shaped both indigenous and colonial societies in these regions. M. Lycett. Spring.

284/388. Bioarchaeology and the Human Skeleton. This course is designed to provide students in archaeology with a thorough understanding of bioanthropological and osteological methods used in the interpretation of prehistoric societies. The goal of this course is to introduce students to bioanthropological methods and theory. In particular, laboratory instruction stresses hands-on experience in analyzing the human skeleton; whereas, seminar classes integrate bioanthropological theory and application to specific cases throughout the world. Lab and seminar-format class meet weekly. M. C. Lozada. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

287. Field Methods in Ancient Art and Archaeology. PQ: Must be taken concurrently with Anthro 266 and 288 for a total of 300 units. This course is part of the Spanish Summer Field School in Ancient Art and Archaeology. We study modern techniques of data recovery, recording, and conservation in the field. L. Freeman. Summer.

288. Management and Analysis of Archaeological Data: Early Art. PQ: Must be taken concurrently with Anthro 266 and 287 for a total of 300 units. Part of the Spanish Summer Field School in Ancient Art and Archaeology, this course focuses on theory and practice of manipulation of archeological data, including the inventorying of depictions through computerized data bases and quantitative and graphic methods for the study of figures and their relationships. L. Freeman. Summer.

291/391. Archaeobotanical Analysis. This class introduces the theory, method, and technique of a range of archaeobotanical analyses. We discuss field methods in archaeobotany, sampling, presentation, and interpretation of data; and specific applications such as crop processing studies, vegetation reconstruction, and fire history. Students combine written work with lab exercises in macrobotanical (seeds and wood) and microbotanical (pollen and charcoal) analysis. K. Morrison. Winter.

292. The Archaeology of Place. Archaeological practice centers on the study of "sites," locations subject to human modification in the past. In this course we critically discuss the conceptual and methodological underpinning of the notion "site," and examine the methods by which archaeologists make inferences about ancient places from contemporary material records. In particular, we consider site structural approaches to architectural form, the analysis of built environments, and the articulation between the occupational history of place and the culturally organized structure of landscapes. M. Lycett. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

293. History, Ethnohistory, and Archaeology. During the quarter, we critically examine both the intellectual history of and the recent renewal of claims to historical perspectives in archaeology. The goals of this course are twofold: first, to examine the many uses of and understandings of history as evidentiary source, subject matter, and conceptual framework in the archaeological literature; and second, to assess the logic and methods used by researchers to incorporate documentary, ethnohistorical, and archaeological evidence. M. Lycett. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

297. Readings in Anthropology. PQ: Consent of instructor and program chairman. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. At the discretion of the instructor, this course is available for either Pass or letter grading. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

299. Preparation of Bachelor's Essay. PQ: Consent of instructor and program chairman. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. At the discretion of the instructor, this course is available for either Pass or letter grading. For honors requirements, consult the honors section under Program Requirements. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

300. Culture I: The Nature of Culture. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. May be taken in sequence or individually. This is the first of a three-quarter sequence on the nature and varieties of culture. We consider academic theories of culture and their sources in Western philosophies of humanity and society. M. Sahlins. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

301. Culture II: Varieties of Cultural Order. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. May be taken in sequence or individually. This is the second of a three-quarter sequence on the nature and varieties of culture. We are concerned with classical anthropological depictions of cultural differences; that is, from the early modern period or the so-called ethnological present. M. Sahlins. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

302. Culture III: Cultural Change and Contemporary Ethnography. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. May be taken in sequence or individually. This is the third of a three-quarter sequence on the nature and varieties of culture. We discuss cultural change in general and in the context of modern world history. M. Sahlins. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

305. Globalization, Health, and Environment: The Predicament of Asia (=Anthro 305, EnvStd 254, SoAsia 311). The twenty-first century inherits global threats of infection, disease, and environmental degradation. In this course, we examine global issues of health and the environment drawing on the case of South Asia. We ask: How might minority rights and democratic forms conflict with the interests of the state and transnational corporations? How might debates on health address the environmental reach of global capital? When does environmental criticism affect matters of race, sexuality, and gender? What constitutes "public" regulation of health and community in the era of globalization? How do environmental and health activists press us to reconstitute categories for understanding justice, agency, and power? We seek to understand global changes in historical, as well as contemporary, perspectives. C. Breckenridge. Spring.

313-3. The African Diaspora: Rethinking the African Diaspora (=AfAfAm 203, Anthro 313-3). This course focuses on the "African" experience in the New World, particularly in Brazil, Haiti, Cuba, Trinidad, and North America. Themes of acculturation, syncretism, adaptation, and resistance in the classic diaspora literature are critically reevaluated in light of current issues in cultural studies: hegemony and the politics of African identity, the symbolic construction (and deconstruction) of "origins"; the rhetoric of racial and sexual difference; black nationalist ideologies; and the material conditions of imagined communities. A. Apter. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

315. Ideology, Culture, and Sexuality. This course examines the cultural politics of identity and difference in the United States and Australia. Through a comparative analysis, the course seeks to demonstrate both the particularities of identity politics, including their specific national and (post) colonial contexts, and the global and transnational economic conditions and discourses in which they are situated and emerge. Special attention is paid to the differing challenges and problems that racial and sexual social movements and indigenous and ethnonationalisms pose to current constructions of nationalism. Topics are explored through theoretical, ethnographic, popular, and film and video texts. E. Povinelli. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

318. Religious Movements of Native North America. New Agers essentialize and romanticize Native American religions. Religious beliefs and practices are assumed to be primordial, eternal, and invariable. However, a closer examination reveals that Native American religions are highly dynamic and adaptive, ever reactive to internal pressure and external circumstances. Perhaps the most dramatic forms of religious change are the transformations that anthropologists recognize as nativistic or revitalization movements. We examine classic accounts of the Ghost Dance, often considered to be the prototypical Native American religious movement; the Handsome Lake Religion among the Senecas; and other Native American religious movements. R. Fogelson. Spring.

320. Topics on Native America: Federal Indian Law. This course examines the culture, history, and politics of federal Indian law and the policy that informs it. Topics vary and have included examination of the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, the Indian Child Welfare Act, the Indian Civil Rights Act, and the legal context of American Indian gaming. A. T. Straus. Autumn.

320. Topics on Native America: Native Americas in Cities. This course examines Native American communities in urban areas, especially Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Minneapolis, Oakland, and Los Angeles. By looking at history, institutions, leadership, demography, political issues, ethnic identity, and world view, students develop an understanding of the meaning, function, and value of "community" for Native Americans in cities. A. T. Straus. Spring.

320. Topics on Native America: Intertribal Networks in Sports. A. T. Straus, J. MacAloon. Winter.

326. Anthropology of Europe. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. Ethnographic monographs are discussed in reference to the problem of the unity and diversity of the cultures of Western and Central Europe, the problem of a European matrix culture as seen in rural family structures and folklore, the emergence of estates and classes, a political economy of rural/urban confrontation and exploitation, and the contemporary problem of an emergent European community. Each year a comparison of monographs from two regions is emphasized. J. Fernandez. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

327. Spain, Greece, and the Mediterranean. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. A comparison of the now extensive ethnographies of community life in Spain and Greece, with an interest in identifying unity and diversity in kinship and inheritance structures, in economic organization, and in religious practices. Spain's and Greece's places in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean are examined by reference to anthropological studies in Portugal, Italy, and North Africa. J. Fernandez. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

328. Land, Kin, and Caste: Classical Problems in South Asian Anthropology. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. In this class we think through several key problems that have defined the South Asian ethnographic space over several decades. To develop an appreciation for the rich classical tradition of South Asian anthropology, we examine important debates surrounding central problems of land tenure, kinship, and caste. We focus on the relationship of this tradition to more contemporary anthropological questions. P. Jeganathan. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

331-1,-2. North American Indians I, II. PQ: Consent of instructor. Must be taken in sequence. This course is a comprehensive review of Native American cultural history, including consideration of intellectual context, prehistory, ethnology, history, and the contemporary situation. The last half of the third quarter is devoted to a mutually agreed-on topic in which students pursue individual research, the results of which are presented in seminar format. R. Fogelson. Autumn, Winter.

334. Narrative and Experimental Ethnography. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing, and consent of instructor. This is a study of ethnography as a problem of narration and employment, based on the study of the ethnographies written recently under the epistemological and methodological pressures of phenomenology, critical theory, interpretivism, and particularly, postmodernism. We consider the reflective attempts by anthropologists to better render the field experience, the use of rhetorical devices and image evocation in ethnography, attempts at expanding emotional range in the ethnographic sensorium, the gendering of the experience of the "other," dialogic engagement with the "other," and the "politics of self/other representation." J. Fernandez. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

343. Psychological Anthropology: Historical Perspectives on Psychological Anthropology (=Anthro 343, HumDev 342). This course considers the logical status of psychological anthropology as an anthropological discipline. Attention is paid to the "prehistoric" roots of psychological discipline, as well as the influence of psychoanalysis on anthropology. The "culture and personality" movement is evaluated as a movement. The course concludes with a discussion of trends and trending in modern psychological anthropology. R. Fogelson. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

343. Psychological Anthropology: Issues of Self, Person, and Identity (=Anthro 343, HumDev 342). R. Fogelson. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

344-1,-2. Primitive Religion I, II (=Anthro 344-1,-2, HumDev 335-1,-2). PQ: Consent of instructor. Must be taken in sequence. A theoretical and substantive survey of the religions of "primitive" peoples. Topics include the notion of primitivism, a history of the anthropological study of religion, minimal definitions of religion, religious experience, dreams, myths, ritual, divination, theories of magic, shamanism, curing, conceptions of power, and dynamics of religious change. R. Fogelson. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

345-1,-2. Anthropology of Museums (=Anthro 345-1,-2, SocSci 345-1,-2). PQ: Advanced standing. Consent of instructor. This course considers museums from a variety of perspectives: as cultural phenomena with particular histories and structures and functions; as sites of entertainment and embodiments of popular culture, as institutions for cultural transmission, as total institutions with distinctive world views and ideologies, and as battleground for past and present cultural wars. We consider the Columbian Exposition, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, the image and imagination of African-American culture as presented in local museums, and museums as history and memorials as exemplified by Holocaust exhibitions. Several on-site visits to Chicago-area museums required. R. Fogelson, M. Fred. Winter, Spring.

351. Violence and the Person. PQ: Consent of instructor. This class examines the relationship between two anthropological objects: violence on the one hand and personhood on the other. How is "violence" understood in relation to the "person" who is its perpetrator or, for that matter, its victim? In this course, we examine that question through a consideration of historical, cultural, legal, and psychiatric discourses and practices that engage in the making and remaking of the categories of violence and the parameters of (modern) personhood. Throughout the class, we grapple with the particular moral and political problems that arise in the anthropology of violence, thinking about these issues in relation to our work. N. Abu El-Haj, P. Jeganathan. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

352. Colonial South Asia. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing. This class is concerned with "colonialism" from the perspective of an historical anthropology of South Asia. We address colonialism as a form of knowledge, and a field of power that transforms South Asia. We focus on the intersections of knowledge and power in relation to bodies, spaces, and commodities as a way of grounding our inquiries. P. Jeganathan. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

353. The Millennium, Revisited. PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing, and consent of instructor. This course is an exploration of the phenomenon of the millennium, as approached from the perspectives of history, anthropology and social theory. Readings range from the classical literature on "cargo cults" and millenarian movements to recent treatments of modernity and the politics of time. We focus in particular on the relevance of such works to the analysis of contemporary responses to the approach of the year 2,000. In addition to participating in discussion of the readings, students reflect on the question: what forms, if any, does "millenarianism" take today? D. Rutherford. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

358-1,-2. Culture, Poetics, and Character: Homer's Odyssey I, II (=Anthro 358-1,-2, SocTh 304). PQ: Knowledge of Greek helpful but not required. Intensive study of one book per week in terms of ethnography, poetics, mythology, and the study of character; some reference to secondary literature (e.g., Finley) and subsequent variants of these (e.g., Tennyson). Some attention is given to major alternative translations. P. Friedrich. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

362. Ceramic Analysis for Archaeologists. PQ: Consent of instructor. This course introduces students to the theoretical foundations and analytical techniques that allow archaeologists to use ceramics to make inferences about ancient societies. Ethnographic, experimental, and physical science approaches are explored to develop a realistic, integrated understanding of the nature of ceramics as a form of material culture and to assess both the kinds of interpretations of ancient people that can plausibly be made on the basis of their pottery and which techniques and research strategies may best serve to obtain useful information. Practical training in the use of the ceramic laboratories is included. M. Dietler. Spring.

364. Archaeological Field Studies: Southwestern Archaeology. PQ: Must be taken concurrently with Anthro 365. Consent of instructor. Class limited to sixteen students. Students participate directly in an ongoing scientific research project while pursuing studies in archaeological theory, method, and data collection. These courses are set in the context of a long-term research project investigating the organization and transformation of indigenous and colonial societies in the late prehistoric and early historic Middle Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico. Current archaeological, historical, and paleoenvironmental research in the North American Southwest and beyond are introduced through direct field experience and evening seminars and lectures. M. Lycett. Summer.

365. Archaeological Field Studies: Design and Method. PQ: Must be taken concurrently with Anthro 364. Consent of instructor. Class limited to sixteen students. This course provides practical experience in the design and implementation of archaeological field work and basic laboratory procedures and an introduction to the analysis of chipped stone, ceramic, floral, and faunal materials recovered from archaeological contexts. Through field and lab work, students do archaeological research, including surface documentation, transit mapping, excavation, artifact processing, and preliminary artifact analysis. They may pursue a directed research project under the guidance of the instructor. M. Lycett. Summer.

369. Commerce and Culture: The Indian Ocean Trade in Archaeological Perspective (=AncSt 269, Anthro 369). The Indian Ocean has been host to extensive networks of exchange and cultural interaction for at least the last 2,000 years. These far-flung connections both grew out of and partly transformed local societies and economies; we thus need to address these networks of "commerce and culture" to understand such processes as urbanism, the emergence of money, markets, and commercial production and the development and expansion of structures of state power and their interpenetration with local and regional economies. In this course we focus primarily on the South Asian subcontinent, but we also consider its relationships with the Mediterranean, East Africa, the Arabian peninsula, and island Southeast Asia. K. Morrison. Winter.

372-1,-2. Language in Culture I, II (=Anthro 372-1-2, GS Hum 354-355, Ling 311-312, Psych 470-471). PQ: Consent of instructor. Must be taken in sequence. This two-quarter course presents the major issues in linguistics of anthropological interest, including, in the first half, the formal structure of semiotic systems, the ethnographically crucial incorporation of linguistic forms into cultural systems, and the methods for empirical investigation of "functional" semiotic structure and history. The second half of the sequence takes up basic concepts in sociolinguistics and their critique, linguistic analysis of publics, performance and ritual, and language ideologies, among other topics. Staff, Autumn; S. Gal, Winter.

373. Phonology I (=Anthro 373, Ling 208/308). PQ: Ling 201, 202, 203, or 206; or equivalent. This is an introduction to general principles of phonology, with emphasis on nongenerative theory. Staff. Winter.

374. Morphology (=Anthro 374, Ling 210). This course deals with linguistic structure and patterning beyond the phonological level. It focuses on the analysis of grammatical and formal oppositions, and their structural relationships and interrelationships (morphophonology). A. Dahlstrom. Spring.

376. Phonology II (=Anthro 376, Ling 209/309). PQ: Ling 208. The principles of generative phonology are introduced and studied in detail, emphasizing the role of formalism and abstractness in phonological analysis. The emphasis is on the Sound Pattern of English theory, with brief discussion of more recent autosegmental and metrical models. Staff. Spring.

377. Phonetics (=Anthro 377, Ling 206/306). PQ: Ling 201, 202, or 203; or consent of instructor. This is an introduction to the study of speech sounds. Speech sounds are described with respect to their articulatory, acoustic, and perceptual structures. There are lab exercises both in phonetic transcription and in the acoustic analysis of speech sounds. K. Landahl. Autumn.

378. Syntax I (=Anthro 378, Ling 204/304). PQ: Ling 201, 202, or 203; or equivalent. This course is devoted to detailed study of the major syntactic phenomena of English, combined with exposition and critical evaluation of the principal accounts of phenomena proposed by transformational grammarians and the theoretical frameworks within which those accounts are developed. Class discussion focuses on ideas advanced in or arising out of transformational grammar with regard to the relation between syntax and semantics and the psychological status of linguistic analyses. J. McCawley. Autumn.

379. Syntax II (=Anthro 379, Ling 205/305). PQ: Ling 204 or consent of instructor. The purpose of this course is to bring students to the point where they are able to follow syntactic articles in contemporary journals. J. Sadock. Spring.

381. Evolution of the Hominoidea (=Anthro 381, EvBiol 381). PQ: Third- or fourth-year standing and consent of instructor. This course carries 200 units of credit. A detailed consideration of the fossil record and the phylogeny of Hominidae and collateral taxa of the Hominoidea is based upon studies of casts and comparative primate osteology. R. Tuttle. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

382. Comparative Primate Morphology (=Anthro 382, EvBiol 382). PQ: Consent of instructor. This course carries 200 units of credit. Functional morphology of locomotor, alimentary, and reproductive systems in primates is studied. Dissections are performed on monkeys and apes. R. Tuttle. Spring.

386. Apes and Human Evolution (=Anthro 386, EvBiol 386, HiPSS 237). A critical examination of the ways in which data on the behavior and morphology of apes have been used to elucidate human evolution, with particular emphasis on bipedalism, hunting, meat eating, food sharing, tool behavior, intelligence, language, self-awareness, and sociability. Labs include trips to local zoological gardens and the Field Museum of Natural History, films, and demonstrations of casts of fossils, skeletons, and anthropoid dissections. R. Tuttle. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.