The Bachelor of Arts degree in Classical Studies allows students to explore Greek and Roman antiquity in a variety of ways and provides excellent preparation for careers that require strong skills in interpretation and writing, such as teaching, scholarly research, law, and publishing, and in the humanities in general. Three variants of the concentration in Classical Studies are offered, depending on the students' preparation, interests and goals. (1) The Language and Literature Variant combines the study of Greek and Latin texts with coverage of diverse areas, including art and archeology, history, philosophy, religion, and science. (2) The Language Intensive Variant focuses on languages with the aim of reading a larger selection of texts in the original languages; it is especially designed for those who wish to pursue graduate studies in classics. (3) The Greek and Roman Cultures Variant emphasizes courses in art and archeology, history, material culture, and texts in translation.

Degree Program in Classical Studies: Language and Literature Variant. Students who take the Language and Literature Variant may choose to concentrate either in Greek or in Latin, to the exclusion of the other language, or they may choose to concentrate in one language and minor in the other. The program assumes that students will begin their language study at the college level. However, those who have a strong high school background in either Latin or Greek can gain admission to intermediate-level courses by achieving a satisfactory grade on the placement examination.

The course requirements are as follows:

1. Nine courses in Greek or Latin, of which at least six must be taken in the same language. This requirement is satisfied by taking Greek and Latin courses numbered 101 to 206, and 211 to 290. The first three courses in Greek (Greek 101 to 103, or Greek 111 to 113) or the first three courses in Latin (Latin 101 to 103, or Latin 111 to 113) meet the College language requirement. Any course for which a student has received placement credit may be counted toward the nine courses required.

2. Six courses in Greek or Roman art, history, philosophy, science, religion, art, or classical literature in translation, with courses divided between at least two fields, and with approval of the director of undergraduate studies. Courses which carry a Classical Civilization listing between 201 and 290 meet this requirement, as do several courses offered in Art History, Philosophy, Political Science, General Studies in the Humanities, and other disciplines. These courses should be chosen in consultation with the director of undergraduate studies.

3. The Bachelor's Seminar (Classical Civilization 298), a one-quarter course described below.

No course that is used to meet a requirement under one of these categories may be used simultaneously to meet a requirement under any other.

Concentration

6	courses in Latin or Greek
6	courses in Greek or Roman art, history, philosophy, religion, science, or classical literature in translation (see above for distribution requirments)
1	ClCiv 298 (B.A. Seminar)
13

Degree Program in Classical Studies: Language Intensive Variant. The Language Intensive Variant is designed for students who expect to continue Classical Studies at the graduate level. It aims to provide the level of linguistic proficiency in both Greek and Latin that is commonly expected of applicants to rigorous graduate programs. Students must use some of their electives to meet the language requirements of this program variant.

The course requirements are as follows:

1. Nine courses in one classical language (Greek or Latin) and six courses in the other. This requirement is satisfied by taking Greek and Latin courses numbered 101 or 111 to 206 and 211 to 290. The first three courses (Latin or Greek 101 to 103 or 111 to 113) are to be counted as fulfilling the College language requirement. Any course for which a student has received placement credit may be counted toward the fifteen courses required.

2. Four courses in art, history, philosophy, religion, science, material culture, or classical literature in translation, with courses divided between at least two fields, and with approval of the director of undergraduate studies. Courses which carry a Classical Civilization listing between 201 and 290 meet this requirement as do several courses offered in the area of Art History, Philosophy, Political Science, General Studies in the Humanities, and other disciplines. These courses should be chosen in consultation with the director of undergraduate studies.

3. The Bachelor's Seminar (Classical Civilization 298), a one-quarter course described below.

No course that is used to meet a requirement under one of these categories may be used simultaneously to meet a requirement under any other.

Concentration

6	courses in Latin or Greek
6	courses on Greek or Roman art, history, philosophy, religion, science, or classical literature in translation (see above for distribution reqirements)
1	ClCiv 298 (B.A. Seminar)
13

Degree Program in Classical Studies: Greek and Roman Cultures Variant. This variant is designed for students who are interested in ancient Greece and Rome but wish to focus more on history (political, intellectual, religious, and social) and material culture than on language and literature. Because the program allows many courses taught in other departments to count toward concentration requirements, it is especially suited to students who declare their concentration late or who wish to take a double concentration.

The course requirements are as follows:

1. The Ancient Mediterranean World sequence, to be taken to fulfill the civilization studies requirement in general education; note that this sequence is offered only in alternate years. Either the Rome Program or the Athens Program overseas may be substituted for the Ancient Mediterranean World sequence.

2. Three courses in Greek or Latin at any level. (Because students may not place out of this requirement, anyone who enters the program with some competence in Latin or Greek is expected to take three higher-level courses.)

3. Nine courses in art, history, philosophy, religion, science, material culture, or classical literature in translation, with courses divided between at least four fields, and with approval of the director of undergraduate studies. Courses that carry a Classical Civilization listing between 201 and 290 meet this requirement, as do several courses offered in the area of Art History, Philosophy, Political Science, General Studies in the Humanities, and the like. These courses should be chosen in consultation with the director of undergraduate studies.

4. The Bachelor's Seminar (Classical Civilization 298), a one-quarter course described below.

No course that is used to meet a requirement under one of these categories may be used simultaneously to meet a requirement under any other.

Concentration

3	courses in Latin or Greek
9	courses in Greek or Roman art, history, philosophy, religion, science, or classical literature in translation (see above description for distribution requirements)
1	ClCiv 298 (B.A. Seminar)
-	bachelor's paper
13	bachelor's paper

B.A. Seminar and Bachelor's Paper. Candidates for the Bachelor of Arts degree in all variants of the Classical Studies concentration are required to write a substantial bachelor's paper. The purpose of the bachelor's paper is to enable concentrators to improve their research and writing skills and to give them an opportunity to focus their knowledge of the field upon an issue of their own choosing.

By May 15 of the third year, concentrators must submit to the director of undergraduate studies a short statement proposing an area of research, and the statement must be approved by a member of the Classics faculty who agrees to be the director of the bachelor's paper. At the same time, concentrators should meet with the preceptor of the B.A. Seminar to plan a program of research.

Concentrators are required to enroll in the B.A. Seminar (Classical Civilization 298) during autumn quarter of their fourth year. The focus of the seminar is to discuss research problems and compose preliminary drafts of their bachelor's papers. They are expected to exchange criticism and ideas in regular seminar meetings with the preceptor and with other students writing papers, as well as to take account of comments from their faculty readers. The grade for the B.A. Seminar is identical to the grade for the bachelor's paper and, therefore, is not reported until the bachelor's paper has been submitted in the spring quarter. The grade for the bachelor's paper depends on participation in the seminar, as well as on the quality of the paper.

The deadline for submitting the bachelor's paper in final form is the fifth Friday of the spring quarter. This deadline represents the formal submission, which is final; students should expect to submit and defend substantial drafts much earlier. Copies of the paper are to be submitted both to the faculty director and to the seminar preceptor. Students who fail to meet the deadline may not be able to graduate in that quarter, and will not be eligible for honors consideration.

Students who undertake a double concentration may meet the requirement for a bachelor's paper in Classical Studies by making it part of a single, bachelor's paper that is designed to meet the requirements of both concentrations. This combined paper must have a substantial focus on texts or issues of the classical period, and must have a Classics faculty member as a reader.

Grading. The first-year sequences in Latin and Greek (Latin 101-102-103, and Latin 111-112-113, Greek 101-102-103, and Greek 111-112-113) and the courses in Greek and Latin composition are open for P/N grading for students not using these courses to meet concentration language requirements. All courses taken to meet requirements in the concentration must be taken for letter grades.

Honors. To be recommended for an honors degree, a student must maintain an overall grade point average of 3.25 or higher and a grade point average of 3.5 or higher in the concentration, and must also demonstrate superior ability in the bachelor's paper to interpret Greek or Latin source material and to develop a coherent argument. For a student to be recommended for honors, the bachelor’s paper must be judged worthy of honors both by the faculty director and the second reader.

The John G. Hawthorne Prize in Classical Studies. The John G. Hawthorne Prize in Classical Studies is a cash award made annually to the graduating senior with the best record of achievement in classical languages, literatures, or civilization. All students concentrating in Classical Studies are eligible for consideration, although nominations are not limited to concentrators in Classical Studies.

207-208. The Ancient Mediterranean World I, II. This sequence meets the general education requirement in civilization studies. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.

212/312. History and Theory of Drama I (=AncSt 212, ClCiv 212/312, ComLit 205/305, Eng 138/310, GS Hum 242/342). PQ: May be taken in sequence with Eng 139/311 or individually. This course is a survey of major trends and theatrical accomplishments in Western drama from the ancient Greeks through the Renaissance: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, medieval religious drama, Marlowe, Shakespeare, and Jonson, along with some consideration of dramatic theory by Aristotle, Horace, Sir Philip Sidney, and Dryden. The course features optional but highly recommended end-of-week workshops in which individual scenes are read aloud dramatically and discussed. The goal is not to develop acting skill but, rather, to discover what is at work in the scene, and to write up that process in a somewhat informal report. Students have the option of writing essays or putting on short scenes in cooperation with some other members of the class. D. Bevington, N. Rudall. Autumn.

229/329. The Economy of the Roman Empire (=AncSt 229, ClCiv 229/329, ECL 329, Econ 220, Hist 210/310). The course begins with a brief introduction to Roman imperial history, and then considers the following topics: agrarian production, the economic consequences of urbanization, the types of labor including slaves, the legal institutions for business and investment, and the economic consequences of the demographic structure. Class format includes lecture and discussion of ancient texts. R. Saller. Spring.

230/330. Women in Antiquity (=AncSt 230, Class 230/330, GendSt 230). We study the portrayal of women in ancient Greek literature, their literary roles as compared to their actual social status, and gender roles in ancient Mediterranean cosmologies. Readings are from epic and lyric poetry, drama, history, oratory, and philosophy, in addition to ancient historical documents and medical texts, as well as from contemporary sociological and anthropological studies that help to analyze the origins of Western attitudes toward women. L. Slatkin. Autumn.

231/331. Human Rights and Natural Law in Greek and Roman Philosophy (=AncSt 231, ClCiv 231/331, ECL 305). We read a variety of texts, from the Greek sophists to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, that explore the rights and duties of human individuals in a social context. In addition to Plato and Aristotle, we focus on the Stoics, who had a pivotal role in developing the concepts of natural law and cosmopolitanism. We ask whether the Greeks or Romans did, indeed, have a notion of human rights. Among the topics that are considered are slavery, the status of women and children, the distribution of wealth, the divine right of rulers, and the limits of freedom. E. Asmis. Winter.

235/335. Literature and Politics in Ancient Rome (=AncSt 235, ClCiv 235, Class 335). A study of the symbiotic relationship between literary self-expression and political conditions in late Republican and early Imperial Rome. Authors covered include Horace, Vergil, Ovid, Seneca, and Lucan. We do extensive reading in the Latin originals as well as cover modern interpretive material. Primary texts in English. S. Bartsch. Winter.

236/336. The Spartan Mirage (=AncSt 236, ClCiv 236/336, Hist 203/303). From Herodotos to Hitler, ancient Sparta has continued to fascinate. Yet the image we possess of the most important state of the Peloponnese is largely the projection of outside observers for whom the objectification of Sparta could serve either as a model for emulation or as a paradigm of "otherness." This course examines the extant evidence for Sparta, from its origins through to its repackaging in Roman time, as well as the way Sparta has been imagined from antiquity to the present day. The class thus serves as a case study in discussing the writing of history and in attempting to gauge the viability of a non-Athenocentric Greek history. J. Hall. Winter.

238/338. Augustine's City of God (=AncSt 238, ClCiv 238/338, ECL 338). The object of the course is to study, book by book, the argument Augustine unfolds about Rome and classical culture in City of God. Discussion of the text is supplemented by lectures and secondary readings concerning the establishment of Christianity, the condition of the Roman Empire in the fourth and fifth centuries, and Augustine's career as a Bishop and Christian controversialist. Texts in English. P. White. Spring.

240. Precolonial Encounters in the Greek World (=AncStd 240, ClCiv 240). During the eleventh century to the eighth century B.C., the extent of the Mediterranean was sailed by explorers and merchants coming from Greece, the Near East, the north coast of Africa, and the Tyrrhenian islands. This course reviews the nature and evidence of these contacts, which preceded the foundation of the Greek colonies in southern Italy and Sicily. The island of Pithekoussai (Ischia) in the Bay of Naples, where different ethnic groups appear to have cohabited, provides a specific case study based on the most recent archaeological evidence from this controversial site. Staff. Winter.

243. Greek Archaeology (=AncSt 243, ClCiv 243). The course is intended to provide a general introduction to the methodology and the most important issues and concerns of Greek material culture and art, from the Protogeometric to the Hellenistic period (eleventh to first centuries B.C.). It features surveys of Greek topography, architecture, sculpture, and pottery, as well as an introduction to excavation and survey techniques. Staff. Autumn.

244. Roman Archaeology (=AncSt 244, ClCiv 244). The course presents the archaeology and art of the city of Rome, from the Iron Age to Late Antiquity (ninth century B.C. to fourth century A.D.). The most important monuments and excavations of the city itself are covered, while reference is made to comparable evidence from the rest of the Roman world. Staff. Winter.

247. Livy's Second Punic War (=AncSt 247, ClCiv 247, Fndmtl 260). Close readings of Book 21 to 30, with emphasis on how Livy uses narrative technique to construct an imperial ideology suitable to his contemporary audiences; Barthes's Mythologies is studied concurrently. Texts in English. W. R. Johnson. Spring.

262. Greek and Roman Lyric Poetry (=AncSt 262, ClCiv 262). This course surveys the development in Greek and Roman literature of what was to become a major genre (eventually the major genre) of European poetry. Topics of discussion include questions of poetic persona, the idea of "personal poetry," the relation of lyric to other genres such as epic, and the reception of ancient lyric poetry by later ages (for example the "Sappho cult" and the "Catullus mystique"). Authors read include Sappho, Alcaeus, Archilochus, Pindar, Anacreon, Horace, and Catullus. We also read some assessments of ancient lyric by modern critics and scholars, as well as some imitations by modern poets. Texts in English. D. Wray. Spring.

271. Ancient Studies Seminar: The Power of Images in Ancient Cultures (=AncSt 271, ClCiv 271). This seminar focuses on the power of images in ancient cultures, examining the various ways in which images were used in ancient societies to represent, project, or manipulate political or divine power. Each week, with the help of a visiting lecturer, we discuss a different culture, including T. Cummins (pre-Columbian), W. Doniger (Indian), R. Ritner (Egyptian), I. Romeo (Roman), E. Teeter (Egyptian), and K. Wilson (Mesopotamian). C. Faraone. Winter.

286. Ancient Mediterranean Myths (=AncMed 386, AncSt 286, ClCiv 286, RelHum 280). A comparative study of representative archaic Near and Middle Eastern myths with careful attention to problems of reading and interpretation, and with the overall question as to whether the ancient Mediterranean world can be imagined as a single cultural system. J. Z. Smith. Autumn.

287. Greek Religion (=AncSt 287, ClCiv 287, Class 387, ECL 387), GS Hum 294/394. This course surveys the history of Greek religion from Homer to the early Hellenistic period and includes inquiries into religious practices (such as animal sacrifice, divination, purification, and burial rites) and beliefs about fundamental issues such as the proper relationship between the human and the divine, the creation of the cosmos, and the nature of human existence after death. Sources include literary texts and inscriptions (all in translation) as well as archaeological materials, especially Greek vase-painting. C. Faraone, J. Redfield, B. Lincoln. Winter.

288. Hellenistic Religions (=AncMed 388, AncSt 288, ClCiv 288, RelHum 282). A comparative study of representative types of Late Antique religions, highlighting issues of religious persistence and change. J. Z. Smith. Autumn.

297. Reading Course. PQ: Consent of faculty sponsor and director of undergraduate studies. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

298. B.A. Seminar. This seminar is designed to teach students research and writing skills necessary for writing their B.A. paper. Lectures cover classical bibliography, research tools, and electronic databases. Students discuss research problems and compose preliminary drafts of their B.A. papers. They are expected to exchange criticism and ideas in regular seminar meetings with the preceptor and with other students writing papers, as well as to take account of comments from their faculty readers. The grade for the B.A. Seminar is identical with the grade for the bachelor's paper and, therefore, is not reported until the bachelor's paper has been submitted in the spring quarter. The grade for the bachelor's paper depends on participation in the seminar as well as on the quality of the paper. Staff. Autumn.

101-102-103. Introduction to Attic Greek I, II, III. This course sequence covers the introductory Greek grammar in twenty-two weeks and is intended for students who have more complex schedules or believe that the slower pace allows them to better assimilate the material. Like Greek 111-112-113, this sequence prepares students to move into the second-year sequence (Greek 204-205-206).

111-112-113. Accelerated Introduction to Attic Greek I, II, III. This course sequence covers the introductory Greek grammar in fifteen weeks. Like Greek 101-102-103, this sequence prepares students to move into the second-year sequence (Greek 204-205-206).

204. Plato: Apology. PQ: Greek 103 or equivalent. Selections are studied with the aim of bringing students to some familiarity with Plato's style and extending their command of the ancient Greek language. J. Redfield. Autumn.

205. Sophocles: Antigone. PQ: Greek 103 or equivalent. The course includes close analysis and translation of the Greek text, in addition to a discussion of Sophoclean dramatic technique and relevant trends in fifth-century Athenian intellectual history. S. Bartsch. Winter.

206. Introduction to Homer. PQ: Greek 103 or equivalent. An introduction to the Homeric dialect and to the convention of oral epic through a study of the Homeric hymn to Demeter. C. Faraone. Spring.

221/321. Menander. PQ: Greek 206 or equivalent. Menander's comic play Dyscolos is read in detail and discussed in the context of Athenian literary and social trends. E. Asmis. Autumn.

222/322. Herodotus. PQ: Greek 206 or equivalent. Selections from several books are read, and historical methods and narrative techniques that shape the Histories are discussed. H. Dik. Winter.

223/323. Euripides. PQ: Greek 206 or equivalent. The Bacchae play is translated and discussed, both as text and as dramatic performance, with more general consideration given to the modes and purposes of tragedy, as well as to the religious background to the play. N. Rudall. Spring.

297. Reading Course. PQ: Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Staff. Autumn, Winter.

344. Greek Prose Composition. PQ: Consent of instructor. Intensive study of the structures of the Greek language and the usage of the canonical Greek prose, including compositional exercises. J. Redfield. Winter.

101-102-103. Introduction to Classical Latin I, II, III. This course sequence covers the introductory Latin grammar in twenty-two weeks and is intended for students who have more complex schedules or believe that the slower pace allows them to better assimilate the material. Like Latin 111-112-113, this sequence prepares students to move into the second-year sequence (Latin 204-205-206).

111-112-113. Accelerated Introduction to Classical Latin I, II, III. This course sequence covers the introductory Latin grammar in fifteen weeks. Like Latin 101-102-103, this sequence prepares students to move into the second-year sequence (Latin 204-205-206).

121. Transitional Latin. PQ: Placement test. Enrollment is limited. Participants will be selected by placement test and interview. This quarter long course prepares students who have already taken pre-collegiate Latin to enter university courses at the second-year level (Latin 205 or 206). It provides an intense review of Latin grammer (uses of the subjunctive, specialized usages of participles and infinitives and advanced constructions such as the supine and the furure imperative) and pairs of grammatical review with in-depth reading of original texts. Students translate, analyze, and parse texts and also write essays analyzing the literature. The theme is "Romanitas"; the readings indclude Cicero's Pro Arrachia, Horace's Roman Odes and a significant selection of Vergil's Aeneid, Book VI. L. Behnke. Autumn.

204. Livy. PQ: Latin 103 or equivalent. The purpose of this course is twofold: to review Latin grammar, and to give students experience in reading portions of a book of Livy. There are weekly grammar quizzes related to Latin readings in class. Students are expected to conduct their own grammar review but with specific directives from the instructor. They are asked to read a certain amount of modern material concerning Roman Republican history in order to give the Latin reading a more intelligible context. B. Krostenko. Autumn.

205. Virgil: Selections from the Aeneid. PQ: Latin 103 or equivalent. A reading of selections from the first six books of the Aeneid. Emphasis is on Virgil's language and versification. Students are also required to read in English translation those books of the poem that are not read in Latin. Staff. Winter.

206. Horace and Catullus. PQ: Latin 103 or equivalent. A reading of selected poems of Catullus and Horace, with special emphasis on style and form, poetic self-fashioning, and the representation of gender. S. Bartsch. Spring.

221/321. Lucretius: De Rerum Natura. PQ: Latin 206 or equivalent. Lucretius' influential and "dangerous" text is our fullest surviving exposition of Epicurean philosophy. This poem of the universe is itself a universal poem, treating the nature of matter and spirit, the cosmos and its workings, the gods, human senses and passions, and civilization and language, as well as setting forth Epicurus' answer to the question how best to live. The course includes selected readings in Latin from all six books of De Rerum Natura and the entire poem in translation, together with reading and discussion of some appreciations (and condemnations) of the work by modern scholars. D. Wray. Autumn.

222/322. Roman Satire. PQ: Latin 206 or equivalent. Readings include Horace, Satires 1.1, 1.4, 1.6, 1.10, 2.1, 2.5, and 2.7; Persius 5; and Juvenal 1, 3, and 6. The object of the course is to study the evolution of satire as a literary genre with a recognized subject matter and style. B. Krostenko. Winter.

223/323. Roman Oratory: Cicero (=ClCiv 223/323, ECL 323). PQ: Latin 206 or equivalent. This course entails a close reading of one or two orations of Cicero, with special attention to the styles and poses of the orator, the implied values of the audience, and the historical context. P. White. Spring.

256/356. Latin Historical Writers: Caesar to the Epitomators. We read extended selections from five major Latin historical authors: Caesar, Sallust, Livy, Tacitus, and Pompeius Trogus (in the epitome of Justin). Class discussions focus on the respective writer's literary style, motives, and historical outlook. We also consider why and how our authors survived from antiquity to the present. M. I. Allen. Winter.

260/360. Latin Paleography I. Most knowledge of ancient life and literature depends on handwritten artifacts. The graphic peculiarities of the various Latin scripts mirror the development of written culture and mediate what survives from successive ages. This course traces developments in Latin writing from its origins to the generalization of the reformed Carolingian script (ca. 950). We consider the pitfalls, consequences, and contributions of various types of writing, with emphasis on the early bookhands important for classical literary transmission. Weekly transcription exercises also include samples of later medieval bookhands. M. I. Allen. Spring.

297. Reading Course. PQ: Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

344. Latin Prose Composition. PQ: Consent of instructor. This is a practical introduction to the styles of classical Latin prose. After a brief and systematic review of Latin syntax, the course combines regular exercises in composition with readings from a variety of prose stylists. The course is intended to increase the students' awareness both of the classical artists' skill and their own command of Latin idiom and sentence structure. Not offered 1999-2000; will be offered 2000-2001.