Slavic Languages and Literatures

Departmental Adviser: Howard I. Aronson, F 402, 702-7734; autumn and winter quarters. Contact department during winter quarter for name of Departmental Adviser for spring quarter.
Coordinator of Russian Language Courses: Valentina Pichugin, F 401,
702-7739; Steven Clancy, G-B 438, 702-8567
Departmental Secretary: Johanna Darden, F 406, 702-8033

Program of Study

The Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures offers courses in the Russian, Czech, Slovak, and Polish languages and literatures, and in Slavic linguistics and other general Slavic subjects. The department also offers a program leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree with a concentration in Russian language and literature, a program leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree with a concentration in Russian language and linguistics, and a program leading to the Bachelor of Arts degree with a concentration in West Slavic (Czech and Polish) languages and literatures.

Program Requirements

Degree Program in Slavic Languages and Literatures: Concentration in Russian Language and Literature or Linguistics. This program is designed to teach students skills in written and spoken Russian, instruct them in Russian literature (or linguistics, as an option), and acquaint them with the main characteristics of Russian history and culture. The program is similar to the concentration in Russian civilization but has a more humanistic emphasis. It is intended for students preparing for graduate work, for those planning a career in government or industry in which knowledge of Russian is useful, and for those whose primary aim is to read the masterpieces of Russian literature in the original or to study Russian linguistics as part of a humanistic education. Within the program there are two concentration options, one with emphasis on literature and the other with emphasis on Russian linguistics.

Thirteen courses are required for the B.A. in Russian:

1. Second-, third-, and fourth-year Russian (or their equivalents). Under exceptional circumstances, students may petition the Departmental Adviser and coordinator of Russian language courses to be excused from the fourth-year Russian requirement.

2a. Students in Russian literature must take four courses in literature including any two of the three parts of Russian 25500-25600-25700 (Introduction to Russian Literature). Russian 29900 (B.A. Paper) cannot be counted toward this requirement except by written permission of the Departmental Adviser. Russian 29700 (Independent Reading and Research) cannot be counted toward the concentration course requirement.

2b. Students in Russian linguistics must take General Slavic 20100 (Introduction to Slavic Linguistics), Russian 23000 or 23100 (Structure of Russian I or II), and two additional courses to be chosen from the fields of Russian literature, Slavic linguistics, and general linguistics. The last two must be approved in writing by the Departmental Adviser.

It is recommended that students fulfill their civilization studies requirement in general education with a sequence in Russian civilization; they are advised to choose electives from such related fields as general linguistics, history, philosophy, political science, and literature. The department suggests that students planning to do graduate work in a Slavic-related field should take a year of French, German, or a second Slavic language. All concentrators in their final year must write an acceptable B.A. paper under supervision of a faculty member in the Slavic Department. In doing so, they may register for the B.A. preparation course (Russian 29900) with approval of the supervisor; this course will confer credit but will not be counted towards the concentration.

Summary of Requirements:

Concentration in Russian Language and Literature or Linguistics

College demonstrated competence in Russian

Language equivalent to one year of college-level study

Requirement

General SOSC 24000-24100-24200 (recommended)

Education

Concentration 3 RUSS 20100-20200-20300 or

RUSS 20400-20500-20600

(second-year Russian)†

3 RUSS 20700-20800-20900

(third-year Russian)†

3 RUSS 21000-21100-21200

(fourth-year Russian)

4 courses in either the Russian

Linguistics option

(SLAV 20100, RUSS 23000 or 23100,

and two courses in Russian linguistics); or the Russian Literature option

(two courses chosen from

RUSS 25500-25600-25700

plus two other courses in Russian literature)

B.A. paper

13

Credit may be earned by placement.

Grading. Students in the Russian concentration must take letter grades in the thirteen required courses.

Degree Program in Slavic Languages and Literatures: Concentration in West Slavic (Czech and Polish) Languages and Literatures. Political changes in Central Europe have renewed interest in the languages, literatures, and cultures of this region. The program in West Slavic Studies aims to give students essential skills in written and spoken Czech or Polish, and a close acquaintance with Czech or Polish literature, culture, and history. The program is ideal for students preparing for graduate study, and for those interested in a career in government, diplomacy, or business in which knowledge of Czech or Polish is useful. In addition, students may combine a Czech or Polish concentration with another concentration as part of a general education in the humanities.

Students interested in the following degree program are required to consult with the Departmental Adviser.

Twelve courses are required for the B.A. in Czech or Polish:

1. Concentrators will be required to demonstrate proficiency in their major language (Czech or Polish) equivalent to three years of college study. The first two years normally will be acquired by taking the elementary and second-year language courses; and the third year may be acquired by independent study (Czech or Polish 29700) or study abroad (as approved by the departmental adviser). Students who meet the College language requirement by examination in Czech or Polish may begin their language study with the second year of Czech or Polish followed by independent study or study abroad (as approved by the departmental adviser) to complete the requirement for a third year of the language.

2. Two quarters of a survey or of other general courses in the literature of the major language (2 courses).

3. Two further literature or culture courses in the specialization, to be approved by the Departmental Adviser (2 courses).

4. Two courses in Slavic literature, culture, or linguistics in the Department; one of these must be a course in General Slavic (SLAV) (2 courses).

Concentrators are expected to fulfill the course requirements above with regular courses offered by the Slavic Department. Reading courses (Czech or Polish 29700) will not be counted towards the concentration except by special permission of the Departmental Adviser. Students planning to do graduate work in Slavic or a related field are strongly advised to use some of their electives for studying Russian, German, or French language; or for studying Russian literature.

All concentrators in their final year must write an acceptable B.A. paper under supervision of a faculty member in the Slavic Department. In doing so, they may register for the B.A. preparation course (Czech 29900 or Polish 29900) with approval of the supervisor; this course will confer credit but will not be counted towards the concentration.

Summary of Requirements:

Concentration in West Slavic (Czech or Polish)

Languages and Literatures

College demonstrated competence in

Language Czech or Polish equivalent to

Requirement one year of college-level study

General HIST 13100-13200-13300 (recommended)

Education

Concentration 6 CZEC 20100-20200-20300 (second-year Czech) or equivalent, or POLI 20100-20200-20300 (second-year Polish) or equivalent; and completion of the third year of Czech or Polish as described in number 1 of the preceding section

2 survey or general courses in

the literature of the major language

2 Czech or Polish literature or culture

courses

2 courses in Slavic literature or culture, or linguistics; one of which must be a General Slavic (SLAV) course

B.A. paper

12

Grading. Students in the West Slavic concentration must take letter grades in the twelve required courses.

Honors. To be eligible for honors in any Slavic concentration, students must maintain a grade point average of 3.0 or better overall, and 3.5 or better in the concentration. Applications should normally be submitted to the Departmental Adviser not later than the first quarter of the senior year. If approved, the candidate writes an honors paper under the supervision of a member of the department. Honors students may use the honors paper as a bachelor's paper. If the completed bachelor's paper is judged by the supervisor and a second faculty member to be a distinguished example of original research or criticism, the student is recommended to the College for graduation with special honors.

Advising. Concentrators must obtain the Departmental Adviser's approval for their program of study before registration, and should consult periodically with that adviser afterward. Students should consult the Departmental office (F 406, 702-8033) for further information on the undergraduate program. Questions about proficiency examinations and placement in Russian should be directed to the coordinator of Russian language courses. Questions about proficiency examinations and placement in Czech, Polish, or other Slavic languages should be directed to the Departmental Adviser.

Faculty

HOWARD I. ARONSON, Professor, Departments of Slavic Languages & Literatures and Linguistics, and the College

ROBERT BIRD, Assistant Professor, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures and the College

STEVEN CLANCY, Senior Lecturer, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures

ANNA LISA CRONE, Professor, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures and the College

BILL J. DARDEN, Professor, Departments of Slavic Languages & Literatures and Linguistics, and the College

MILTON EHRE, Professor, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures and the College

VICTOR A. FRIEDMAN, Andrew W. Mellon Professor, Departments of Linguistics and Slavic Languages & Literatures; Chairman, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures

NORMAN W.INGHAM, Professor, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures and the College, Center for East European & Russian/Eurasian Studies

JOANNA KUROWSKA-MLYNARCZYK, Lecturer, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures

NADA PETKOVIC, Lecturer, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures

VALENTINA PICHUGIN, Senior Lecturer, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures

SAMUEL SANDLER, Professor Emeritus, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures

BOZENA SHALLCROSS, Associate Professor, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures

MALYNNE STERNSTEIN, Assistant Professor, Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures and the College

FRANTISEK SVEJKOVSKY, Professor Emeritus, Departments of Slavic Languages & Literatures and Comparative Literature, and Committee on Analysis of Ideas & Study of Methods

YURI TSIVIAN, Professor, Departments of Slavic Languages & Literatures and Art History, and the College

EDWARD WASIOLEK, Avalon Foundation Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, Departments of English Language & Literature, Slavic Languages & Literatures, and Comparative Literature, and the College

Courses

Courses numbered 10000-19900 are introductory courses. Courses numbered 20000-29900 are intermediate, advanced, or upper-level courses and are open to undergraduates. Many courses numbered 30000 and above, which are graduate courses, are open to qualified College students (concentrators and nonconcentrators) with the consent of the instructor. Undergraduates registered for 30000-level courses will be held to the graduate-level requirements. To register for courses that are cross listed as both undergraduate and graduate (20000/30000), undergraduates must use the undergraduate number (20000).

A more complete listing of courses offered by the department is given in the graduate Announcements; current offerings are listed in the quarterly Time Schedules. Please consult the Slavic Department for the latest information regarding course offerings.

Czech

Language

10100-10200-10300. Elementary Czech I, II, III. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

20100-20200-20300. Second Year Czech I, II, III. PQ: CZEC 10300 or consent of instructor. The main emphasis is on giving students proficiency in reading Czech in their particular fields. Conversation practice is included. The program is flexible and may be adjusted according to the needs of the students. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

Literature and Linguistics

27700/37700. Kafka in Prague (=CZEC 27700/37700, GRMN 29600/39600, GSHU 27900/37900). The goal of this course is a thorough treatment of Kafka's literary work in its Central European, more specifically Czech, context. In critical scholarship, Kafka and his work are often alienated from his Prague milieu. The course revisits the Prague of Kafka's time, with particular reference to Josefov (the Jewish ghetto), Das Prager Deutsch, and Czech/German/Jewish relations of the prewar and interwar years. We discuss most of Kafka's major prose works within this context and beyond (including The Castle, The Trial, and the stories published during his lifetime), as well as selected critical approaches to his work. M. Sternstein. Winter.

29700. Reading and Research Course. PQ: Consent of instructor and Departmental Adviser. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

29900. B.A. Paper. PQ: Consent of instructor and Departmental Adviser. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Open to concentrators in Slavic Languages and Literatures with fourth-year standing. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

East European

Literature and Linguistics

20900/30900. Structure of Albanian (=EEUR 20900/30900, LGLN 29700/39700). This is a rare opportunity to get a functional grasp of one of the least-studied national languages of Europe. Albanian is of relevance for Indo-Europeanists, Balkanists, Classicists, Islamicists, and any social scientist with an interest in Southeastern Europe. In addition to being the majority language in Albania, it is spoken by compact populations in all neighboring countries, as well as by old enclaves in Italy, Croatia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Romania, and Ukraine, and by more recent emigre groups in Western Europe, North America, and Australia. The course focuses on giving students an understanding of the grammatical structure of Albanian as well as sufficient reading knowledge for the independent development of the ability to pursue research. V. Friedman. Spring.

General Slavic

Literature and Linguistics

20100/30100. Introduction to Slavic Linguistics. A survey of principles of general synchronic and diachronic linguistics as applied to the Slavic languages. B. Darden. Autumn.

22000/32000. Old Church Slavonic (=LGLN 25100/35100, SLAV 22000/32000). PQ: Knowledge of another Slavic language or good knowledge of one or two other old Indo-European languages. This course is an introduction to the language of the oldest Slavic texts. The course begins with a brief historical overview of the relationship of Old Church Slavonic to Common Slavic and the other Slavic languages. This is followed by a short outline of Old Church Slavonic inflectional morphology. The remainder of the course is spent in the reading and grammatical analysis of original texts in Cyrillic or Cyrillic transcription of the original Glagolitic. V. Friedman. Winter.

23000/33000. Language, Power, and Identity in Southeastern Europe: A Linguistics View of the Balkan Crisis (=ANTH 27400/37400, HUMA 27400, LGLN 27200/37200, SLAV 23000/33000). Language is a key issue in the articulation of ethnicity and the struggle for power in Southeastern Europe. This course familiarizes students with the linguistic histories and structures that have served as bases for the formation of modern Balkan ethnic identities and that are being manipulated to shape current and future events. The course is informed by the instructor's thirty years of linguistic research in the Balkans as well as his experience as an advisor for the United Nations Protection Forces in Former Yugoslavia and as a consultant to the Council on Foreign Relations, the International Crisis Group, and other organizations. Course content may vary in response to ongoing current events. V. Friedman. Winter.

24100/34100. Comparative West Slavic Linguistics. PQ: One year of any West Slavic language or permission of instructor. An examination of the linguistic history and contemporary dialectology of the West Slavic Languages with an emphasis on Polish, Czech, Slovak, and Upper and Lower Sorbian with some attention given to Kashubian, Slovincian, and Polabian. S. Clancy. Spring.

26800/36800. Revolution and the Spirit: Russian and Polish Cinema, 1956 to the Present (=CMST 26800/36800, GSHU 28000/38000, SLAV 26800/36800). This new course surveys major Russian and Polish film directors of the post-Stalinist period, focusing on their search for spiritual meaning in repressive societies. Particular attention is paid to recent critical approaches (e.g., Zizek, Yampolsky, Sontag) as well as to the director's own theoretical writings. Directors covered include Wajda, Tarkovsky, Zanussi, Mikhalkov, Holland, Muratova, Kieslowski, and Sokurov. R. Bird, B. Shallcross. Spring

28500/38500. Slavic Critical Theory from Jakobson to Zizek (=CMST 27200/37200, GSHU 21300/31300, SLAV 28500/38500). This seminar-style course surveys the cultural and literary theory of critics including Roman Jakobson, the Russian Formalists, Jan Mukarovsky, the Prague School, Mikhail Bakhtin, Tzvetan Todorov, Julie Kristeva, Mikhail Epstein, Slavoj Zizek, and the Solovenian Lacanians. M. Sternstein. Winter.

28600/38600. Kitsch (=GRMN 26100/36100, GSHU 28200/38200, SLAV 28600/38600). This course explores the concept of kitsch (and its attendants: camp, trash, and the Russian poshlost) as it has been formulated in literature and literary essays and theorized in modern critical thinking. The course is discussion-intensive with readings from Theodor Adorno, Clement Greenberg, Robert Musil, Hermann Broch, Walter Benjamin, Vladimir Nabokov, Milan Kundera, Matei Calinescu, and Tomas Kulka. No prior experience of kitsch is necessary. M. Sternstein. Spring.

29700. Reading and Research Course. PQ: Consent of instructor and Departmental Adviser. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

29900. B.A. Paper. PQ: Consent of instructor and Departmental Adviser. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Open to concentrators in Slavic Languages and Literatures with fourth-year standing. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

Polish

Language

10100-10200-10300. Elementary Polish I, II, III. This course teaches students to speak, read, and write in Polish, and familiarizes them with Polish culture. It employs the most up-to-date techniques of language teaching, such as communicative and accelerated learning, and learning based on students native language skills, as well as multi-leveled target-language exposure. J. K.-Mlynarczyk. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

20100-20200-20300. Second Year Polish I, II, III. PQ: POLI 10300 or equivalent. The curriculum includes instruction in grammar, writing, and translation, as well as watching selected Polish movies. Selected readings are drawn from the course textbook and students also read Polish short stories and press articles. In addition, students' independent reading is emphasized and reinforced by class discussions. Work is adjusted to each student's level of preparation. J. K.-Mlynarczyk. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

Literature and Linguistics

28600/38600. Reading the Arch-Text: Adam Mickiewicz's Master Tadeusz. Central to Polish literature, Master Tadeusz is an epic poem full of textual surprises. Despite its title, it has no protagonist; contrary to its reputation as consolidating the nation, it portrays Poles at a moment of crisis. The mysteries, humor, and poetic and visual intricacies of this Romantic poem invite diverse approaches, which we apply in a close reading. Course taught in English. B. Shallcross. Autumn.

28700/38700. The Art and Craft of the Polish Essay. In this course, we try to understand the perceptive and literary mechanics of essay writing as it evolved in Poland. While the impact of the essay genre on contemporary Polish poetry is a known fact, we observe how the essay form is permeated and shaped by the lyric element. Although traditionally marginalized as a literary genre, the essay was a conduit for nation-wide debates, thus special attention is paid to political and philosophical aspects of this otherwise highly personal form. Course taught in English. B. Shallcross. Winter.

28800/38800. Postwar Polish Poetry. In a seemingly simple and casual manner, postwar Polish poetry speaks of defeat, resistance, and doubt in the face of history. Considered by Alfred Alvarez and Joseph Brodsky as representing the best in contemporary poetry, it evokes an array of lyrical worlds. We explore the tension between politics and metaphysics, distance and intimism in poetry by Czeslaw Milosz, Aleksander Wat, Tadeusz Rozewicz, Zbigniew Herbert, Wislawa Szymborska, and Miron Bialoszewski. Course taught in English. B. Shallcross. Winter.

29700. Reading and Research Course. PQ: Consent of instructor and Departmental Adviser. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

29900. B.A. Paper. PQ: Consent of instructor and Departmental Adviser. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Open to concentrators in Slavic Languages and Literatures with fourth-year standing. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

Russian

Language

10100-10200-10300. First Year Russian I, II, III. This course introduces basic grammar and practice in the elements of spoken and written modern Russian. All four aspects of language skill (i.e., reading, writing, listening comprehension, and speaking) are included. The course is designed to introduce students to using Russian both as a means of communication and as a tool for reading and research. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

10400-10500-10600. Russian through Pushkin I, II, III. Not open to students who have taken RUSS 10100-10200-10300. An experimental linguistic and literary approach to first-year Russian in which classic Russian poetic texts, such as Pushkin's The Bronze Horseman, are used to teach first-year grammar. Oral and reading skills are equally emphasized. Activization drills meet twice a week. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

20100-20200-20300. Second Year Russian I, II, III. PQ: RUSS 10300 or consent of instructor. This course continues RUSS 10100-10200-10300; it includes review and amplification of grammar, practice in reading, elementary composition, and speaking and comprehension. Systematic study of word formation and other strategies are taught to help free students from excessive dependence on the dictionary and develop confidence in reading rather than translating. Readings are selected to help provide historical and cultural background. Conversation practice is held twice a week. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

20400-20500-20600. Russian through Literary Readings: Second Year I, II, III. PQ: RUSS 10600. This course is a continuation of Russian through Pushkin. Second-year grammar, as well as oral and reading skills, are strengthened through intensive reading of important poetic and prose texts from the Russian classics. Conversation practice is held twice a week. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

20700-20800-20900. Third Year Russian I, II, III. PQ: RUSS 20300 or equivalent. This course has three major objectives: (1) a thorough study of Russian syntax; (2) vocabulary building based on a study of Russian roots, prefixes, and suffixes; and (3) improvement of reading and communication skills. Classes conducted in Russian. Conversation practice is held twice a week. V. Pichugin. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

21000-21100-21200. Fourth Year Russian I, II, III. PQ: RUSS 20900 or equivalent. This course treats difficult grammar problems, as well as questions of syntax and stylistics. It includes extensive readings representative of different periods of Russian literature and various literary styles. These texts are discussed in class and analyzed by the students in written compositions. Vocabulary building and oral expression are also emphasized. Classes conducted in Russian. Conversation practice is held twice a week. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

30100-30200-30300. Advanced Russian I, II, III. PQ: RUSS 21200 and consent of instructor. V. Pichugin. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

Literature and Linguistics

22100/32100. History of Russian Morphology. PQ: SLAV 20100/30100 and 22000/32000. B. Darden. Spring.

23100/33100. Morphology of Russian. PQ: SLAV 20100/30100. This course examines the morphology and syntax of Modern Russian from a structuralist, Jakobsonian view. Our focus is on the function of grammatical categories and syntactic formations, with less emphasis on formal description. B. Darden. Winter.

24300. The Brothers Karamazov (=FNDL 27000, HUMA 23300, RUSS 24300). PQ: Consent of instructor. Close reading and discussion of the primary text: Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov in English translation (Norton Critical Edition). Students are asked to prepare one background reading in advance: Dostoevsky's Notes from Underground. The emphasis is on moral, intellectual, and religious issues, and, to a lesser extent, on novelistic technique. Text in English. N. Ingham. Spring.

25600/35600. Introduction to Russian Literature II: 1850 to 1900 (=GSHU 22400/32400, HUMA 24000, RUSS 25600/35600). This is a survey covering the second half of the nineteenth century. Major figures studied are Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Leskov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, and Chekhov. Representative works are read for their literary value and against their historical, cultural, and intellectual background. Texts in English. Class discussion is encouraged. N. Ingham. Winter.

25700/35700. Introduction to Russian Literature III: Twentieth-Century Russian Literature (=GSHU 231000/33100, HUMA 24100, RUSS 25700/35700). Course topics include Symbolism, the avant-garde of the 1920s, socialist realism, contemporary trends, and émigré literature. Texts in English and the original. R. Bird. Spring.

27700/37700. Chekhov (=HUMA 26700, RUSS 27700/37700). Close readings and discussion of selected stories and plays. One paper. M. Ehre. Autumn.

29500/39500. Introduction to Russian Folklore. PQ: Reading knowledge of Russian desirable but not required. An introduction to Russian oral folk literature against the background of traditional folk culture. Among the genres studied are folktale, epic, and historical song. Texts in Russian and English. Discussion encouraged. N. Ingham. Spring.

29700. Reading and Research Course. PQ: Consent of instructor and Departmental Adviser. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

29900. B.A. Paper. PQ: Consent of instructor and Departmental Adviser. Students are required to submit the College Reading and Research Course Form. Open to concentrators in Slavic Languages and Literatures with fourth-year standing. Staff. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

Serbian/Croatian

Language

10100-10200-10300. Elementary Serbian/Croatian I, II, III. This course is designed for students from a wide range of departments. The major objective is to build a solid foundation in the basic grammatical patterns of written and spoken Serbian/Croatian, introducing simultaneously both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. Aural comprehension is enhanced by viewing movies and other audio-video materials. N. Petkovic. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

20100-20200-20300. Second Year Serbian/Croatian I, II, III. PQ: SBCR 10300 or consent of instructor. First quarter is devoted to an overview of grammar, with emphasis on verbal morphology and syntax, through the reading of a series of literary texts in both Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. The second and third quarters are devoted to further developing active mastery of the languages through continued readings, grammar drills, compositions, and conversational practice. Study of word formation, nominal and adjectival morphology, and syntax are emphasized. Aural comprehension is enhanced by viewing movies and other audio-video materials. N. Petkovic. Autumn, Winter, Spring.

20400-20500-20600. Serbian-Croatian Through Literary Readings. PQ: Consent of instructor. N. Petkovic. Autumn, Winter, Spring.